Development of an Undehand Serve Learning Model in Sepak Takraw for 2023 Cohort PJKR Students

Afdal Afdal (Universitas Tadulako Palu, Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia)
Sardiman Sardiman (Universitas Tadulako Palu, Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia)
Moh. Khairil Fajri (Universitas Tadulako Palu, Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia)
Andi Saparia (Universitas Tadulako Palu, Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia)

Jurnal Al-Qiyam
Vol 9 No 3 (2026): IJoASER (International Journal on Advanced Science, Education)

This comprehensive study aimed to design, develop, and evaluate a valid, practical, and highly effective adaptive table tennis learning model specifically tailored for students with mild intellectual disabilities (tunagrahita) to enhance their basic motor skills, hand-eye coordination, and overall learning engagement. The research employed the Research and Development (R&D) method based on the Borg and Gall model, systematically covering needs analysis, product design, expert validation, product revision, small-group trials, and large-group trials. The subjects of this study were students with mild intellectual disabilities at SLB Bhakti Putra Palu. The core of the developed learning model integrated critical pedagogical and ergonomic modifications: lighter paddles (70-100 grams to prevent muscle fatigue), colorful and sound-producing balls (to provide continuous auditory and visual tracking stimuli), adjusted table dimensions, and simplified playing rules (e.g., allowing the ball to bounce twice to increase reaction time). Data were comprehensively collected through structured observations, expert validation questionnaires, and performance documentation, subsequently analyzed using descriptive percentages. The findings indicated that the adaptive model received high validation scores of 75.00% from pedagogical experts and 83.33% from table tennis experts, categorizing it as "Feasible to Use." The subsequent field trials demonstrated substantial and progressive effectiveness, with a small-group trial score of 89.28% and a large-group trial score of 94.40%. The strategic inclusion of preliminary cognitive-motor stimuli, specifically shadow strokes, significantly aided muscle memory formation before actual ball contact. It can be firmly concluded that this adaptive table tennis learning model is highly feasible, practical, and effective in facilitating basic table tennis techniques, significantly improving motor coordination, and fostering self-confidence among students with intellectual disabilities.