<![CDATA[The concept of citizenship in Islam has been a subject of continuous debate among scholars from the classical era to the contemporary period. In the tradition of classical Islamic thought, the relationship between individuals and the state was formulated through categories such as dhimmi, muwatin, and ahl al-ahd, which often placed non-Muslims in a subordinate position. Meanwhile, the development of modern nation-states and the demands of constitutional democracy have prompted fundamental reinterpretation of these concepts. This research departs from a significant gap in the literature, namely the lack of systematic studies connecting classical Islamic citizenship theory with its implementation in contemporary Muslim-majority states. This study aims to analyze the evolution of citizenship concepts in Islamic thought from the classical to the modern period and to identify patterns of their implementation in the legal and constitutional systems of Muslim-majority countries. Employing a qualitative-descriptive library research method, this study relies on textual analysis of classical primary sources, constitutional documents, and purposively selected contemporary academic literature. The findings reveal three main patterns of modern Islamic citizenship implementation: the pattern of full civil rights integration based on the principle of musawah (equality), the compromise pattern that integrates Islamic values with universal human rights standards, and the hierarchical pattern that maintains religious differentiation. This study concludes that reform of Islamic citizenship concepts responsive to the demands of modernity can be grounded in the principles of maqashid al-shari’ah and universal justice without abandoning Islamic identity]]>
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