<![CDATA[Background: Father involvement protects early development, but Indonesian fathers remain less involved in emotional care. Studies on fathering and prophetic parenting remain separate, with no synthesis linking them through compassion (rahmah). Methods: Following PRISMA 2020, Google Scholar, SINTA, and Scopus were searched (2016–2025); 10 of 70 records were analysed by thematic synthesis. Results: Four themes emerged: fathers as moral-religious role models, as affectionate and responsive figures, and as supporters of social-emotional development, plus enabling and constraining factors. Evidence for the first theme is mainly conceptual. Novelty: Unlike previous reviews, this study integrates father involvement, rahmah-based prophetic parenting, and early childhood development, separating normative principles from empirical evidence in a conceptual framework for Indonesian Muslim families. Conclusion: Rahmah bridges father involvement and prophetic parenting, but causal claims require longitudinal studies with validated instruments.]]>
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