<![CDATA[This study evaluates how principals’ transformational leadership and teacher performance jointly and individually predict Total Quality Management (TQM)-based educational quality in private vocational high schools across West Surabaya. Employing a quantitative associative-correlational design, data were gathered using a validated four-point Likert questionnaire administered to 221 teachers across seven private vocational schools selected through purposive sampling. Following verification of validity, reliability, and classical regression assumptions, the data were processed using multiple linear regression in SPSS 26. Findings indicate that transformational leadership (B = 0.285, β = 0.323, p < 0.001) and teacher performance (B = 0.691, β = 0.609, p < 0.001) both exert statistically significant positive influences on TQM-based quality. Furthermore, the combined model proved highly significant (F = 437.990, p < 0.001) and explained 80.1% of the variance in educational quality (R² = 0.801), with teacher performance emerging as the primary driving factor. By integrating both leadership style and instructional performance into a unified empirical model within private vocational education, this work adds valuable empirical insight to the literature, highlighting that teacher performance at the classroom level plays a more decisive role in driving institutional quality than principal leadership on its own.]]>
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