<![CDATA[Purpose: Low birth weight (LBW) in Indonesia is a major concern and must be addressed immediately, as it affects human resource quality. The study aimed to determine the proximate, intermediate, and distal factors associated with LBW in Indonesia. Methods: The study used a cross-sectional design to estimate the association between risk factors and LBW in Indonesia using data sources from the 2012 IDHS and 2017 IDHS. We identified women who gave birth in the past five years and had only a singleton baby as eligible respondents. Results: Infants living in Sumatera (aOR= 0.57; 95% CI= 0.32-0.99) and rural areas (aOR= 0.69; 95% CI= 0.50-0.97) were protective of LBW than those living in Papua and Maluku and their urban counterparts. Meanwhile, households with an improved source of drinking water had a higher risk of LBW than households with an unimproved source (aOR= 1.45; 95% CI= 1.06-1.97). The odds of LBW were four times higher among mothers who never married than among others (aOR= 3.57; 95% CI= 1.08-11.81). The risk of LBW was also higher for mothers who delivered by cesarean section than for those who had no cesarean section/vaginal delivery (aOR= 1.75; 95% CI=1.21-2.52). Furthermore, female infants were approximately 1.35 times more likely to have LBW than male infants (aOR=1.35; 95% CI=1.00-1.83). Although health insurance ownership was not associated with LBW, the data show differences in the number of respondents with and without health insurance. Conclusion: Residence area, marital status, cesarean section, and infant sex were significant determinants of LBW. A public health strategy should implement targeted antenatal counseling for vulnerable groups such as rural mothers and unmarried mothers by establishing standard protocols for monitoring fetal growth within routine antenatal care services.]]>
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