<![CDATA[This research aims to develop and validate a Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) assessment instrument based on the RADEC-ESD (Read, Answer, Discuss, Explain, and Create - Education for Sustainable Development) learning model to measure the disaster resilience competencies of elementary school teacher candidates. Employing the Plomp development model, the study progressed through preliminary research, prototyping, and assessment phases. The instrument consists of 10 validated essay items evaluated by three expert judges (assessment, model, and education experts). Content validity was analyzed using Aiken’s V formula, while empirical validity and reliability were tested through a trial involving student respondents. The results demonstrate that the developed instrument possesses high content validity (with Aiken’s V values exceeding the critical threshold) and reliable psychometric properties, confirming its suitability for assessing complex cognitive levels and disaster resilience literacy. This instrument provides a robust evaluative framework for teacher education programs to prepare educators capable of fostering disaster-resilient students.]]>
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