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Emerging Science Journal

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Published by Ital Publication

ISSN : 26109182 EISSN : - DOI : -

Core Subject : Social,

Environmental Science

Emerging Science Journal is not limited to a specific aspect of science and engineering but is instead devoted to a wide range of subfields in the engineering and sciences. While it encourages a broad spectrum of contribution in the engineering and sciences. Articles of interdisciplinary nature are particularly welcome.

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Articles 874 Documents

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Revisiting Agroforestry for Building Climate Resilient Communities: A Case of Package-Based Integrated Agroforestry Practices in Nepal Kishor Aryal; Prakash Singh Thapa; Dhananjaya Lamichhane
Emerging Science Journal Vol 3, No 5 (2019): October
Publisher : Ital Publication

Agriculture based livelihoods in developing countries are bearing significant negative impacts due to climate change. In this scenario, agroforestry is one of the best alternatives to cope with climate change and disaster risks. However, the agroforestry approaches adopted in the past were sectoral and partial, and were insufficient to contribute to socio-economic wellbeing and resilient communities. Nepal has been implementing package-based integrated agroforestry since 2016. It is a project approach to advance agroforestry practices by including disaster mitigation, land and water management, and community development activities. This paper reflects on the process and outcomes of the agroforestry practices, implemented by the government in seven super zones of Nepal. The programs have shown fairly satisfactory output in building adaptive capacity to climate change, awareness and active participation in agroforestry development activities. This paper reveals that agroforestry alone cannot be sustained, and hence, it has to be integrated with land productivity enhancement, natural resource management, climate change adaptation, and livelihood support in addition to tree planting in agricultural lands. This paper is crucial in understanding the scope of the package-based integrated agroforestry approach to build climate resilient communities.

Monitoring Long-term Mangrove Shoreline Changes along the Northern Coasts of the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea Davood Mafi Gholami; Masoomeh Baharlouii
Emerging Science Journal Vol 3, No 2 (2019): April
Publisher : Ital Publication

Generally, investigating changes in mangrove shorelines is an important step to evaluate whether mangrove ecosystems are expanding or contracting. In this study, the rates of change of mangrove boundaries were investigated along the coasts of the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea, over a 30-year period. Seaward edges of mangrove forests were extracted from Landsat images of the years 1986, 2000 and 2016 and the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) Software was used to implement the Linear Regression Rate (LRR) method to quantify the rates of boundary changes. On average, areas that experienced boundary expansion progressed by 2.55 m yr-1 and those that experienced contraction regressed by -0.38 m yr-1. The maximum rate of expansion was 25.91 m yr-1 and the maximum rate of contraction was -22.45 m yr-1. Mangroves located on the coasts of the Persian Gulf exhibited differential rates of progression and regression at their borders, with expansion rates increasing in an eastward direction toward the coasts of the Oman Sea. However, on the eastern coasts of the Oman Sea, mangroves are characterized by contraction and erosion.

Effect of Salinity on Evaporation and the Water Cycle Jude Iloabuchi Obianyo
Emerging Science Journal Vol 3, No 4 (2019): August
Publisher : Ital Publication

This study is on the effect of salinity on evaporation from water bodies and its probable influence on the water cycle. Five different salts were used in this study. Different concentrations of Magnesium Sulphate, Sodium Hydroxide, Sodium Chloride, Ammonium Chloride, and Potassium Nitrate solutions in the neighbourhood of 0.04, 0.08, 0.12, 0.16, 0.20, and 0.24 g/cm3 were prepared by dissolving 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 g weights of these salts in 500 cm3 of distilled water. The first evaporation could contain only 500 cm3 of distilled water and served as the control experiment. The solutions were introduced into evaporation cans, each with a capacity of 700 cm3, stored at room temperature, and evaporation was allowed to take place. Evaporation from the cans was measured at 24 hour intervals for a period of 14 days. Results showed that in all salts, as salinity increases, evaporation is reduced. On the 10th day, evaporation retardation factors for Magnesium Sulphate, Sodium Hydroxide, Sodium Chloride, Ammonium Chloride, and Potassium Nitrate were found to be 0.800, 0.490, 0.712, 0.820, and 0.822, respectively. Ratios of evaporation retardation factors were 1:1.6327 for Sodium Hydroxide: Magnesium Sulphate; 1:1.4531 for Sodium Hydroxide: Sodium Chloride; 1:1.6735 for Sodium Hydroxide: Magnesium Sulphate; 1:1.4531 for Sodium Hydroxide: Sodium Chloride; 1:1.6327 for Sodium Hydroxide: Ammonium Chloride and 1:1.6776 for Sodium Hydroxide: Potassium Nitrate solutions. The highest evaporation took place in Potassium Nitrate solution at an ultimate concentration of 0.24 g/cm3. This was followed by Ammonium Chloride, Magnesium Sulphate, Sodium Chloride and Sodium Hydroxide. This salinity effect will impact on the outflow parameter in the water cycle with a consequent reduction in evaporation, which reduces precipitation. Hence, the formation of rain in the cloud will be inhibited and ultimately lead to climate change.

Utilization of Microalgae in Aquaculture System: Biological Wastewater Treatment Kyochan Kim; Joo-Young Jung; Hyon-Sob Han
Emerging Science Journal Vol 3, No 4 (2019): August
Publisher : Ital Publication

We recently developed an autotrophic biofloc technology (ABFT) system entailing simultaneous microalgae co-culturing with juvenile-farming-stage fish and shrimp in aquaculture and microalgae-based water treatment. The present study was conducted to confirm the potentialities of the ABFT system at the remaining stages (seedling to adult farming, Nile tilapia) for industrial-level implementation. In the results at the seedling stage, an excellent water-purification effect and significant water conservation (97% reduction) by microalgae were verified. Indeed, among the fish, there were not any significant differences, either in growth performance or in body composition, and the wastewater from this system was recycled by use for the growth of various plants. Further, the ABFT system was demonstrated to have a positive effect on production economics by simplifying the production process steps (simultaneous fish breeding and wastewater treatment) and providing for a natural hatching environment. In summary, the ABFT system can be integrated with existing systems on an industrial level as an effective and efficient means of achieving sustainable aquaculture.

The Effects of Bio-inspired Electromagnetic Fields on Healthy Enhancement with Case Studies Shujun Zhang; Mike Clark; Xuelei Liu; Donghui Chen; Paula Thomas; Luquan Ren
Emerging Science Journal Vol 3, No 6 (2019): December
Publisher : Ital Publication

In this paper, an innovative bionic system will be presented. This system can be used to generate bio-inspired electromagnetic fields (BIEFM) by mimicking natural Earth magnetic fields, the frequencies, strengths and waveforms of body organs and cellular pulsations. The preliminary tests have been carried out to investigate the influences of BIEFM on the ATP levels of people to prove the interactions between BIEMF and the cellular level's bio-processing activities. This system has been applied for the health enhancement of humans and pets etc. A number of case studies will be present to demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the system. The case study experimental results have shown that this innovative bio-inspired system works efficiently and effectively in enhancing human and animal health. It has been proven that this bio-inspired system can be effectively applied to many areas such as (1) human health enhancement and illness treatment, (2) pet health enhancement, and (3) reduction or elimination of 'jet lag'.

Piloting a Methodology for Sustainability Education: Project Examples and Exploratory Action Research Highlights Jensen, Cory; Kotaish, Mohamed; Chopra, Aditi; Jacob, Kiran A.; Widekar, Taqdees I.; Alam, Rahat
Emerging Science Journal Vol 3, No 5 (2019): October
Publisher : Ital Publication

This invited writing shares the education methodology known as Wicked problem, Experiences, Available Resources, Solution-Innovation (WEARS) and results from applying a pilot education program with a group of international students. The pilot involved three components that contribute to enhancing leadership skills based on stakeholder informed or bottom-up change: 1) developing a professional competition, 2) proposing a WEARS project, and 3) initiating a related outreach event. Outlines of student projects are shared. Studentsâ€™ interests in generalized sustainability related education topics were polled and results are presented as an average of the group. Reflection on conducting the pilot is also presented from an exploratory action research perspective. Potential translation to higher education sustainability related projects was a driver for action research. Several conclusions are shared related to the educational structure and content for application of the WEARS methodology at a higher education institution. Future research and iterations of the program are proposed in coordination with a higher education institution that promotes interdisciplinary education. Specifically, means to select program candidates and longitudinal study of overall impacts are proposed as necessary to continuously update the WEARS methodology.

Studies on Synthesis, Characterization of Modified Phenol Formaldehyde Resin and Metal Adsorption of Modified Resin Derived From Lignin Biomass Arasaretnam, Selladurai; Kirudchayini, T.
Emerging Science Journal Vol 3, No 2 (2019): April
Publisher : Ital Publication

This study was related to development of economically viable method of extraction of lignin from saw dust in order to produce lignin modified phenolic resin and ecofriendly adhesives (bio-based resin). This study cover to improve the mechanical properties by modification of phenol formaldehyde resole resin using some additives such as boric acid, sulfuric acid and lignin biomass. The synthesis and metal adsorption capacity of resin derived from lignin biomass were explored. Lignin sample was extracted from sawdust of Acacia sp. collected from Batticaloa region by alkali extraction method called delignification process. Qualitative tests were carried out on the extracted alkali lignin and it was used to prepare modified resin. Resin synthesized by using lignin substitution phenol and allowed to condensation reaction in the presence of sodium hydroxide. Boron-modified phenol formaldehyde resin was prepared by using boric acid with formalim method.Â The above reaction was performed for four hours by refluxing with toluene. Which was produced a high viscous massive resin with 90% yield. The absorbtion peak of B-O bond at 1362cm-1 Â was observed at IR spectra. Rise in solid mass content leads to produce smooth resin surface without causing cracks and bubbling.Â Phenol formaldehyde resin was modified into their sulfonated forms to increase their ion exchange capacity, since the ion exchange capacity of virgin resin was found to be zero. Conductivity property shown by sulfonated resin(121mS/cm). The synthesized Lignin based PF resin was used to study the metal adsorption capacity of Cd2+ in aqueous solution. The adsorption capacity of heavy metal Cd2+ ion shown by lignin modified resin (55%) and lignin (86%).Â In this study sawdust lignin could be best substitution for phenol in synthesis of Phenol-Formaldehyde resin. Â Itâ€™s better due to their sustainability, environmental control, low production cost and their ability to adsorb heavy metals.Â Phenolic resin was modified with boric acid to improve thermal resistance property and to get smooth resin surface.

Effect of Uniform Magnetic Field on Melting at Various Rayleigh Numbers Dirbude, Sumer Bharat; Maurya, Vivek Kumar
Emerging Science Journal Vol 3, No 4 (2019): August
Publisher : Ital Publication

Melting phenomena occurs in various industrial applications, such as metal castings of turbine blades, environmental engineering, PCM-based thermal storage devices, etc. During the design of these devices, they are designed for efficient heat transfer rate. To improve the heat transfer rate, understanding of the important flow processes during the melting (and solidification) is necessary. An objective of the present work is to study the effect of natural convection and magnetic field on interface morphology and thereby on melting rate. In this work, therefore, an effect of uniform transverse magnetic field on the melting inside a cavity, filled initially with solid gallium, at various Rayleigh numbers (Ra=3Ã—105, 6Ã—105, and 9Ã—105) is presented. A 2D unsteady numerical simulation, with the enthalpy-porosity formulation, is performed using ANSYS-Fluent. The magnetic field is characterized by the Hartmann number (Ha) and the results are shown for the Ha = 0, 30 and 50. The horizontal walls of the cavity are considered insulated and vertical walls are respectively considered hot and cold. It is observed that the role of natural convection during the melting is significant on the temperature distribution and solid-liquid interface. The increased magnetic field (Ha = 30 and 50) found to have a suppressing effect on the dominance of natural convection at all Rayleigh numbers (Ra=3Ã—105, 6Ã—105, and 9Ã—105).

Impact of Transportation on Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Locally vs. Non-locally Sourced Food Striebig, Bradley; Smitts, Eric; Morton, Samuel
Emerging Science Journal Vol 3, No 4 (2019): August
Publisher : Ital Publication

The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere continues to rise, and the global food system is a significant contributor that often gets overlooked when it comes to solving the problem. In this study, emissions related to food transportation were studied to determine what impact getting local food instead of non-local food could have on the overall emissions of the food system. The dining service at the university utilizes local food to varying extents when it is in season, and a life cycle assessment (LCA) was done on lettuce, tomatoes, strawberries, and chicken to compare the emissions associated with the production of these foods. The transport-oriented GREET software was used for the LCA along with information from the sustainability coordinator at the university itself to get results. Given a lack of publicly available data regarding crop cultivation in certain areas of the U.S., some information had to be obtained from databases in Europe, but results suggest that produce coming from the west coast to the Virginia campus can have four to five times the emissions associated with production, and produce from Florida can have roughly twice as many emissions associated with production. There is a relatively low number of LCAs done in America to compare this data to, but it somewhat fits in with many European studies. Some LCAs do not factor in transportation processes, but my results suggest that any American studies should factor in transportation since it can contribute greatly to the overall footprint of products. The current available software for LCAs lacks consistency between programs, all having different strengths and weaknesses, and needs to be improved for quality results in the future.

Stock Price Reactions on NASDAQ Stock Exchange for Special Dividend Announcements Seyedimany, Arian
Emerging Science Journal Vol 3, No 6 (2019): December
Publisher : Ital Publication

Announcing dividend pay-out policy by a company will signals market firmâ€™s future prospects and changes its stock prices according to dividend signalling theory. By analysis the effect of special dividend announcements for 5 companies listed in NASDAQ for the period of 2014-2018, this study investigates the stock price reactions to special dividend announcement for 40 days around the event and challenges dividend signalling theory. The empirical results calculated both in discrete and logarithmic forms. Only few disordered significant abnormal returns and average abnormal returns occurred according to the t-test. The results show that shareholders do not gain value from announcement of special dividend in NASDAQ stock exchange market. That Results indicated from adjusted market model in this research do not support dividend-signalling theory Hence do not confirm that the announcement of dividend has significant effect on price of shares. In general the results consistent with the Miller and Modigliani (1961) dividend irrelevance hypothesis.

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