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Emerging Science Journal

ESJ
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Published by Ital Publication

ISSN : 26109182 EISSN : - DOI : -

Core Subject : Social,

Environmental Science

Emerging Science Journal is not limited to a specific aspect of science and engineering but is instead devoted to a wide range of subfields in the engineering and sciences. While it encourages a broad spectrum of contribution in the engineering and sciences. Articles of interdisciplinary nature are particularly welcome.

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Articles 803 Documents

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Contamination and Health Risk Assessment of Exposure to Heavy Metals in Soils from Informal E-Waste Recycling Site in Ghana Kyere, Vincent N.; Greve, Klaus; Atiemo, Sampson M.; Amoako, Doris; Aboh, IJ Kwame; Cheabu, Benjamin S.
Emerging Science Journal Vol 2, No 6 (2018): December
Publisher : Ital Publication

The objective of this study is first, to investigate the level of heavy metals in soils from Agbogbloshie e-waste processing site (AEPS), the degree at which these heavy metals contaminate the area and finally, to assess the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk of heavy metals on workers and residents in around the AEPS. 132 soil samples were collected from the study area and the samples analyzed for Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn heavy metals after appropriate preparations were made. Results of the analysis showed mean concentrations of Cd, Cr and Ni considered as carcinogenic were lower than permissible levels of Dutch and Canadian soil standards. Mean concentrations however of Cu, Pb and Zn were between 100% and 500% higher than the permissible levels. Assessment of the degree of Contamination indicated Ni<Ba<Co<Cr<Zn<Hg<Cu<Cd<Pb in an increasing order as contributing to the degree of contamination with according to the degree of contamination index the burning, dismantling, residential and commercial considered as very highly contaminated. The health risk analysis of individual heavy metals in soil indicated non-carcinogenic risk of Cr, Hg and Pb with hazard index above the safe level of 1 in the burning and dismantling areas and as such could trigger neurological and developmental disorders in children less than six (6) years.

Deformation Behaviour of Erodible Soil Stabilized with Cement and Quarry Dust Emeka, Arinze Emmanuel; Jonah Chukwuemeka, Agunwamba; Benjamin.Okwudili, Mama
Emerging Science Journal Vol 2, No 6 (2018): December
Publisher : Ital Publication

This study was carried using finite element software (Plaxis) in studying the Engineering behavior of erodible soil-quarry dust composite at a proportion of 50% quarry dust and 10% cement. It discusses the effects of decorative street light through numerical analysis using the Finite Elements Method. Plaxis program v8.2 was applied to model the soil behavior. The Mohr-Coulomb model reveals that the deformations are concentrated exclusively on the base course, with the appearance of plastic tension cut-off points on base course. The structure was subjected to double point loads of 50 kN/m each which resulted to 100 kN/m. The results shows that the pavement deformed at load 85.16kN/m which showed that the soil strength cannot withhold the pressure from the street light. The load displacement acting on the base of the highway in study is . The result also shows that failure was concentrated at the base course of the pavement. This was due to the presence of underground water beneath the phreatic level. The quarry dust is a good replacement to weak soil or a good additive to help improved a problematic soil. From analysis, the soil strength lies below the effective stress acting on the pavement which is equal to 85.16 kN/m. It is advisable to replace some quantities of the existing soil and be replaced by quarry dust since quarry dust is a waste product from crushing of stones. Lastly, about 30% of the existing soil should be replaced by either the mixture of lateritic soil and quarry dust or the soil there should be used as subbase which may not be economical.

Role of Self-Efficacy and Negative Perfectionism in the Prediction of Procrastination of Narcissistic Personality: A Study on Non-Clinical Subjects Hamed Jabbari Ghazi Jahani; Azadeh Ehsanikenari; Afsaneh Sadat Sharif
Emerging Science Journal Vol 2, No 6 (2018): December
Publisher : Ital Publication

The present research was performed to investigate the role of self-efficacy and negative perfectionism in the prediction of procrastination of narcissistic personality. This is a descriptive research of correlational type for which performance a total of 412 students were selected via random multi-stage sampling method. In order to examine the research hypothesis and accomplish the research objective, the participants were provided with a questionnaire composed of Narcissistic Personality Inventory-16, General Procrastination Scale, General Self-Efficacy Scale, and Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale. Collected data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression. Results of the research indicated significant associations between self-efficacy, negative perfectionism, and narcissism, in one hand, and procrastination, on the other hand, so that, as variables, self-efficacy, negative perfectionism, and narcissism could explain 10% of the variance in procrastination. Results of the present research indicated the importance of self-efficacy, negative perfectionism, and narcissism in the development and exacerbation of procrastination, and placed an emphasis on the necessity of paying attention to the role of such effective antecedents by mental health-related authorities, so as to reduce procrastination.

A New Methodology to Assess Indirect Losses in Bridges Subjected to Multiple Hazards Davide Forcellini
Emerging Science Journal Vol 2, No 6 (2018): December
Publisher : Ital Publication

Decision making approaches to manage bridge recovering after the impact of multiple hazards are increasing all over the world. In particular, bridges can be considered critical links in highway networks because of their vulnerability and their resilience can be assessed on the basis of evaluation of direct and indirect losses. This paper aims at proposing a new methodology to assess indirect losses for bridges subjected to multiple hazards. The method applied to calculate direct costs is the credited Performance Based Earthquake Engineering (PBEE) methodology by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) center. Therefore, the main objective of the study consists in the assessment of indirect losses that are generally neglected elsewhere. In particular, the paper proposes to calculate indirect losses from direct costs and to divide them into connectivity losses and prolongation of time. The presented formulation has been applied to a real case study aimed at strengthening a benchmark bridge with several isolated configurations. The results show that the application of the proposed methodology allows to evaluate possible solutions to strengthen the original configuration.

Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Eugenia Dysenterica DC Essential Oil Danielle C. S. Oliveira; Telma Mary Kaneko; Maria Cláudia Marx Young; Cynthia Murakami; Inês Cordeiro; Paulo Roberto Hrihorowitsch Moreno
Emerging Science Journal Vol 2, No 6 (2018): December
Publisher : Ital Publication

Eugenia dysenterica DC is a native species from the Cerrado biome and can be found in several states of Brazil. This study evaluated the chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities from the essential oils of a population collected in São Paulo state. Essential oils were obtained by conventional means, and their compositions were analyzed by GC-MS. Screening assays for antimicrobial activity were carried out by the microdilution method and the antioxidant potential was assessed by the DPPH scavenging method. The GC-MS analysis indicated that 52.63% of the essential oil is composed by oxygenated sesquiterpenes and the major compound is (-)-elema-1,3,11(13)-trien-12-ol (24.86%). The antimicrobial assay indicated MIC 42.1 µg/mL for S. aureus and MIC > 10000 µg/mL for the other tested microorganisms, Gram negative bacteria and fungi. The oil showed an IC50 of 5.4±0.632 mg/mL for in the DPPH assay. The essential oil had a different chemical composition from previous studies. The essential oil did not present a potent antioxidant activity. However, it can be considered a promising antimicrobial agent against S. aureus.

The Role of Abiotic Soil Parameters as a Factor in the Success of Invasive Plant Species Wieger Wamelink; H.F. van Dobben; P. W. Goedhart; L.M. Jones-Walters
Emerging Science Journal Vol 2, No 6 (2018): December
Publisher : Ital Publication

Plant species dispersal has been strongly enhanced by human activities. Introduced species have to cope with indigenous species and local conditions. They may avoid indigenous species by occupying new (abiotic) territory. Once a species is established it may become a pest, and may seriously threaten other species and ecosystems.In this paper we focus on invasive plant species of the Dutch flora. We make two comparisons: (1) Dutch neophytes (i.e. arrived in The Netherlands after 1825) vs. indigenous Dutch flora; and (2) species of the Dutch flora that have become invasive outside Europe vs. non-invasive species of the Dutch flora. We hypothesize that at least part of the success of the invasive or neophyte species is due to their ability to grow under a wider range of abiotic soil circumstances than other species. We regard an invasive species as successful if it is able to disperse from the introduction site(s) and remain present in the invaded vegetation.For ten out of the sixteen abiotic factors there is a wider range for the neophytes: chlorine, potassium, mean highest and lowest groundwater level, phosphorus (and total content) and pH H2O.We hypothesized that part of the success of invasive species may be the adaptation to a variety of abiotic soil parameters. This is indeed the case for a number of the examined parameters, mostly related to nutrient availability and soil pH. This indicates that the success of invasive species is at least partly caused by their ability to grow under a wide range of nutrient availability and soil pH. Their success may therefore be stimulated by the increasing pollution of natural areas by excessive nitrogen.

A Study on Hydrogen Peroxide Scavenging Activity and Ferric Reducing Ability of Simple Coumarins N Prahadeesh; Maheswaran Sithambaresan; Umaramani Mathiventhan
Emerging Science Journal Vol 2, No 6 (2018): December
Publisher : Ital Publication

Coumarin compounds are δ-lactones where α-pyrone ring is fused with benzene ring. Coumarins are widely distributed in the plant kingdom as well as they are very important in synthetic organic chemistry. Coumarins have great interest because of their abundance in nature and diverse pharmacological activities including antibacterial, antiviral, antipyretic, and anticoagulant, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer. This study focused on synthesizing different simple Coumarins and studying their antioxidant activity. Four simple Coumarins (Coumarin (C1), 4-hydroxy coumarin (C2), 7-hydroxy coumarin (C3) and 7-hydoxy-4-methyl coumarin (C4)) were synthesized by using standard methods and were characterized by using UV, IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectra. Antioxidant activity of the simple Coumarins was studied by using standard FRAP assay and Hydrogen peroxide assay and expressed as FRAP value (mmol Fe2+/g) and IC50 value (mg/dm-3) respectively. Ascorbic acid was used as standard. All synthesized simple Coumarins showed both antioxidant activities. Hydroxyl Coumarins (C2, C3 and C4) showed higher activities in both cases than C1. Among the hydroxyl Coumarins C3 showed highest hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and Ferric reducing capacity too. Antioxidant power of the tested simple Coumarins in decreasing order was C3, C2, C4 and C1 in both cases. But the hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and Ferric reducing capacity of the all synthesized simple Coumarins were lower when compared to standard ascorbic acid.

Mathematical Modeling of a Brain-on-a-Chip: A Study of the Neuronal Nitric Oxide Role in Cerebral Microaneurysms Corina Stefania Drapaca
Emerging Science Journal Vol 2, No 6 (2018): December
Publisher : Ital Publication

Brain tissue is a complex material made of interconnected neural, glial, and vascular networks. While the physics and biochemistry of brain’s cell types and their interactions within their networks have been studied extensively, only recently the interactions of and feedback among the networks have started to capture the attention of the research community. Thus, a good understanding of the coupled mechano-electrochemical processes that either provide or diminish brain’s functions is still lacking. One way to increase the knowledge on how the brain yields its functions is by developing a robust controlled feedback engineering system that uses fundamental science concepts to guide and interpret experiments investigating brain’s response to various stimuli, aging, trauma, diseases, treatment and recovery processes. Recently, a mathematical model for an implantable neuro-glial-vascular unit, named brain-on-a-chip, was proposed that can be optimized to perform some fundamental cellular processes that could facilitate monitoring and supporting brain’s functions, and highlight basic brain mechanisms. In this paper we use coupled elastic, viscoelastic and mass elements to model a brain-on-a-chip made of a neuron and its membrane, and astrocyte’s endfeet connected to an arteriole’s wall. We propose two constrained Lagrangian formulations that link the Hodgkin-Huxley model of the neuronal membrane, and the mechanics of the neuron, neuronal membrane, and the glia’s endfeet. The effects of the nitric oxide produced by neurons and endothelial cells on the proposed brain-on-a-chip are investigated through numerical simulations. Our numerical simulations suggest that a non-decaying synthesis of nitric oxide may contribute to the onset of a cerebral microaneurysm.

Loneliness in Pre and Post-operative Cancer Patients: A Mini Review Rokach, Ami
Emerging Science Journal Vol 3, No 1 (2019): February
Publisher : Ital Publication

This review explored the experience of hospitalization and the experience of cancer patients who were undergoing Ear Nose and Throat [ENT] surgery.Â Hospitals, which were designed with treatment and healing in mind, are known to be the source of uncontrollable noise, physicians who talk in a language that patients do not understand. Entering the hospital as a patient, one becomes part of that very complex system, which may include being treated as a â€˜nonperson,â€™ not getting enough information, and losing control of daily activities. Hospitalized patientsâ€™ social contact is limited to interaction with the medical staff which thus become a key factor in determining the quality of care, and whether the patients can successfully cope with the stress of their hospitalization experience.Loneliness was found to be associated with a range of negative physical health outcomes such as dementia, increased blood pressure, suicidal thinking and unhealthy and damaging behaviors such as smoking, excess alcohol consumption and lack of exercise leading and contributing to increased mortality.Â Being, both, hospitalized and in the midst of a frightening illness they experience loneliness and isolation.

Non-invasive Monitoring of Brain Temperature during Rapid Selective Brain Cooling by Zero-Heat-Flux Thermometry Bakhsheshi, Mohammad Fazel; Ho, Marjorie; Keenliside, Lynn; Lee, Ting-Yim
Emerging Science Journal Vol 3, No 1 (2019): February
Publisher : Ital Publication

Introduction: Selective brain cooling can minimize systemic complications associated with whole body cooling but maximize neuroprotection. Recently, we developed a non-invasive, portable and inexpensive system for selectively cooling the brain rapidly and demonstrated its safety and efficacy in porcine models. However, the widespread application of this technique in the clinical setting requires a reliable, non-invasive and accurate method for measuring local brain temperature so that cooling and rewarming rates can be controlled during targeted temperature management. In this study, we evaluate the ability of a zero-heat-flux SpotOn sensor, mounted on three different locations, to measure brain temperature during selective brain cooling in a pig model. Computed Tomography (CT) was used to determine the position of the SpotOn patches relative to the brain at different placement locations.Methods and Results: Experiments were conducted on two juvenile pigs. Body temperature was measured using a rectal temperature probe while brain temperature with an intraparenchymal thermocouple probe. A SpotOn patch was taped to the pigâ€™s head at three different locations: 1-2 cm posterior (Location #1, n=1), central forehead (Location #2, n=1); and 1-2 cm anterior and lateral to the bregma i.e., above the eye on the forehead (Location #3, n=1). This cooling system was able to rapidly cool the brain temperature to 33.7 Â± 0.2Â°C within 15 minutes, and maintain the brain temperature within 33-34Â°C for 4-6 hours before slowly rewarming to 34.8 Â± 1.1Â°C from 33.7 Â± 0.2Â°C, while maintaining the core body temperature (as per rectal temperature probe) above 36Â°C. We measured a mean bias of -1.1Â°C, -0.2Â°C and 0.7Â°C during rapid cooling in induction phase, maintenance and rewarming phase, respectively. Amongst the three locations, location #2 had the highest correlation (R2 = 0.8) between the SpotOn sensor and the thermocouple probe.Conclusions: This SBC method is able to tightly control the rewarming rate within 0.52 Â± 0.20Â°C/h. The SpotOn sensor placed on the center of the forehead provides a good measurement of brain temperature in comparison to the invasive needle probe.

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