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ANALYSIS OF THE SCOPE AND RULE OF TJARRI (EFFRONTERY) IN IMAMIA JURISPRUDENCE AND ITS APPLICATION TO INCOMPLETE CRIMES Ø¯ÙˆØ±Ù‡51 Ø´Ù…Ø§Ø±Ù‡3 Ø³Ø§Ù„1398 ??? ?????, ???????????; ?? ??, ??? ????
??? ? ???? ???? 51 ????? 3: ????? ????? ??8? ????????8
Publisher : ???????? ??????? ?????? ????

One of the deficiencies of the Iranian penal law is the failure to pay enough attention to the issue of tajarri (effrontery); despite disagreement among Islamic jurists regarding tajarri, undoubtedly, if tajarri is against public interests and other persons' rights and the dangerous status of the person committing effrontery (motajarri) is identified, a discretionary punishment may be executed on him or he may be sentenced to security measures  at the Islamic judge?s discretion , in order to prevent commitment of crime. However, such issue has not been envisaged by the legislator. The second point neglected in this regard is the failure to offer the exact definition and scope of tajarri; based on the famous definition of tajarri, its scope is limited to the case where an individual, based on his definite belief, violates practically, the divine lawgiver?s obligatory verdict, but subsequently, it becomes clear that the committed act was permitted. But it is understood from the statements of some Islamic jurists that any case of practical violation of the lawgiver's obligatory verdict in which the perpetrator does not achieve his purpose, is considered as tajarri, accordingly, a new definition of tajarri may be given which extends its scope to incomplete crimes as well. The authors, in this paper, intend, in addition to explaining different opinions of Islamic jurists concerning the scope of tajarri, to emphasize on its broad definition and clarify its status in penal law. Likewise, the authors intend to study in summary the origin of controversy among Usulis and strengthen the prohibition of tajarri on the basis of secondary verdict.

Ø§Ø³Ø¨Ø§Ø¨ ØªØÙ‚Ù‚ Ùˆ Ø²ÙˆØ§Ù„ Ø§ØØµØ§Ù† Ø¯Ø± Ø¬Ø±Ø§Ø¦Ù… Ù…Ù†Ø§ÙÛŒ Ø¹ÙØª Ø¨Ø§ Ø±ÙˆÛŒÚ©Ø±Ø¯ÛŒ Ø¨Ù‡ Ù‚Ø§Ù†ÙˆÙ† Ù…Ø¬Ø§Ø²Ø§Øª Ø§Ø³Ù„Ø§Ù…ÛŒ Ù…ØµÙˆØ¨ 1392 Ø¯ÙˆØ±Ù‡51 Ø´Ù…Ø§Ø±Ù‡3 Ø³Ø§Ù„1398 ???? ????, ??????; ???? ????? ????, ????
??? ? ???? ???? 51 ????? 3: ????? ????? ??8? ????????8
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?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ? ???? ????? ? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????. ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???. ????? ????? ? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???. ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??????????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????. ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? 1370 ? 1392 ??? ???. ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???.

ØªØ£Ù…Ù„ÛŒ Ø¨Ø± Ø¨Ø³Ø· Ø¢Ø«Ø§Ø± Ùˆ Ù…ØµØ§Ø¯ÛŒÙ‚ ØØ¯ÙˆØ¯ Ø¯Ø± Ù‚Ø§Ù†ÙˆÙ† Ù…Ø¬Ø§Ø²Ø§Øª Ø§Ø³Ù„Ø§Ù…ÛŒ 1392 Ø¯ÙˆØ±Ù‡51 Ø´Ù…Ø§Ø±Ù‡3 Ø³Ø§Ù„1398 ??????, ???????????; ?????, ????????; ??????? ????, ???
??? ? ???? ???? 51 ????? 3: ????? ????? ??8? ????????8
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?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???. ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????. ????? ?????? ?????? 1392 ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???. ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ???. ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ???. ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???.

Ø¯Ø±Ù†Ú¯ÛŒ Ø¯Ø± ØÙ‚ Ø§Ø³ØªØ¦Ø³Ø§Ø± Ø¯Ø± ÙÙ‚Ù‡ Ø§Ø³Ù„Ø§Ù…ÛŒ Ø¯ÙˆØ±Ù‡51 Ø´Ù…Ø§Ø±Ù‡3 Ø³Ø§Ù„1398 ???, ???; ????, ????; ????? ???, ?????
??? ? ???? ???? 51 ????? 3: ????? ????? ??8? ????????8
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????? ????? ????? ??? ???. ????? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???????. ?? ???? ????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? «?????» ?? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? «?????» ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ? ????? ???. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????. ????????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????????.

Ø¨Ø§Ø²Ù¾Ú˜ÙˆÙ‡ÛŒ ÙÙ‚Ù‡ÛŒ _ Ø§ØµÙˆÙ„ÛŒ Ø§Ø«Ø¨Ø§Øª Ù†Ù‚Ø¶ Ø¨Ø§Ù„ÙØ¹Ù„ Ø¯Ø± Ù†Ø¸Ø±ÛŒÙ‡ Ù†Ù‚Ø¶ ÙØ±Ø¶ÛŒ Ù‚Ø±Ø§Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø¯ Ø¯ÙˆØ±Ù‡51 Ø´Ù…Ø§Ø±Ù‡3 Ø³Ø§Ù„1398 ???? ??????, ????????; ??? ????, ???????; ????????, ????; ????? ?????, ????; ????, ?????
??? ? ???? ???? 51 ????? 3: ????? ????? ??8? ????????8
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?? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???. ?? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????. ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ???? _ ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? (????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????) ? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ? ????? ???.

THE QUIDDITY OF CERTITUDE (QAT) AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN THE APPEARANCES AREA OF USUL AL-FIQH Ø¯ÙˆØ±Ù‡51 Ø´Ù…Ø§Ø±Ù‡4 Ø³Ø§Ù„1398 ?????? ?????, ???? ????; ????? ????, ????; ???? ????, ????? ????
??? ? ???? ???? 51 ????? 4: ????? ????? ??9? ?????????8
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The Usulis who came after Seikh Ansari, by dividing the duty-bound conditions into three, have discussed topics of authority in three fields of certitude (Qat), conjecture (Zann) and doubt (Shakk). Their selected opinion with regard to certitude has constituted their basics in the two other fields and affected them. One of the above said opinions concerns the quiddity of certitude. According to the viewpoint of some new Usulis, the appearance of a word denotes the speaker?s purpose and the origin of appearance is the usage intention. Accordingly, the appearance of a word in the mind of addressee or other hearer is realized thorough acknowledgement of the speaker?s purpose and its origin is rational principles. Considering these principles as rational leads to considering acknowledgment and denotation of appearance as definite. Considering denotation of appearances as definite has implications. For instance, the appearances by exiting the scope of al-Amarat al-Zanniya and entering the realm of definite proofs acquire inherent authority and exit by their nature the area of proofs which prohibit acting without knowledge. Therefore, it may be claimed that not only the authority of appearances is the requirement of the primary principle but also acting on the basis of appearances may not be deterred by the lawgiver.

A STUDY ON THE â€œABSTRACTIVE (IDEAL) PLURALITY OF CRIMESâ€ IN IMAMIA JURISPRUDENCE AND IRANIAN LAW Ø¯ÙˆØ±Ù‡51 Ø´Ù…Ø§Ø±Ù‡4 Ø³Ø§Ù„1398 ?????, ?????????; ??????, ???????
??? ? ???? ???? 51 ????? 4: ????? ????? ??9? ?????????8
Publisher : ???????? ??????? ?????? ????

?Abstractive or ideal plurality? of crimes is a general cause of aggravation of punishment and terminologically it is the application of multiple criminal titles to a single act. This issue is of special significance in criminal law since determination of a punishment proportionate to the committed crime leads to compliance with human and Islamic principles such as criminal justice and proportionality of crime and punishment and as a result, the mental safety of society is ensured. The Iranian legislator, like a number of legal scholars, has accepted the ideal plurality of crimes theory, adopting the application of multiple punishments in some cases and their overlap in others. Given the Imamia jurists' opinions, it appears that where, in case of ideal plurality, a crime is committed against a limb or the soul or the limb and profit, the punishments overlap and the more blood money is specified and in case qisas for life and for other limbs or profits overlap, only qisas for life is administered according to the purported signification. But in cases such as crime leading to blood money for two limbs or two lives and the like, given the absence of text and the impossibility of extending the available texts to cases not mentioned therein and the principle of non-overlap, determination of multiple punishments may be justified. The conclusion is that the principle of criminal justice which is deducted from intellect and sharia has not been complied with in certain articles of law considered in this paper and the Islamic penal code needs to be amended.

THE STIPULATION OF â€œRETURN OF THE ENDOWMENT OBJECT TO THE DONORâ€™S PROPERTY IN CASE OF NEEDâ€ AS A RESOLUTORY CONDITION IN THE ENDOWMENT CONTRACT A JURISPRUDENTIAL AND LEGAL STUDY Ø¯ÙˆØ±Ù‡51 Ø´Ù…Ø§Ø±Ù‡4 Ø³Ø§Ù„1398 ?????, ??? ????; ?????, ???? ???; ??????, ????; ?????, ????
??? ? ???? ???? 51 ????? 4: ????? ????? ??9? ?????????8
Publisher : ???????? ??????? ?????? ????

Different opinions have been presented regarding the validity or invalidity of an endowment in which the donor incorporates a condition under which in case of need, the endowment object returns to his property. The opponents of validity of this act either consider it void ab initio or believe that such act is in fact a surrender of property not endowment; since in any situation, endowment must be perpetual and the condition that the object returns to the donor contradicts the essential character of endowment and is against the requirements of endowment contract. The third category consider the endowment and the condition as valid. The origin of all of the above said theories is the issue of ?requirement of perpetuity in endowment contract? and the possibility of incorporating a resolutory condition therein. The present research, after studying the current jurisprudential opinions in this connection and accepting the theory of non-requirement of perpetuity in endowment, has proven the correctness of ?the validity of endowment on condition that the endowment object returns to the donor's property in case of need? and by examining the concept of resolutory condition in law has considered it as applicable to the condition incorporated in endowment contract and the authors believe that based on the theory accepted in Islamic jurisprudence, it is permitted to incorporate a resolutory condition in the endowment contract and  the condition of return of the object to the donor in case of need is its most obvious instance.

Ú©Ø§Ø±Ø¨Ø±Ø¯ Ø§ØµÙ„ Ù…Ø«Ø¨Øª Ø¯Ø± Ø¹Ù„Ù… Ø§ØµÙˆÙ„ Ùˆ ÙÙ‚Ù‡ Ø¯ÙˆØ±Ù‡51 Ø´Ù…Ø§Ø±Ù‡4 Ø³Ø§Ù„1398 ?????? ??? ????? , ?????; ?????, ??? ?????????
??? ? ???? ???? 51 ????? 4: ????? ????? ??9? ?????????8
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??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ? ???? ? ?????? (??????) ????? ???. ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????. ?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ? ???? ? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???.

Ù†Ù‚Ø¯ Ùˆ ØªØÙ„ÛŒÙ„ Ø¯ÛŒØ¯Ú¯Ø§Ù‡ Ù…Ø´Ù‡ÙˆØ± Ø¯Ø± ØªØ¹ÛŒÛŒÙ† Ø³Ø§Ù„ Ø®Ù…Ø³ÛŒ Ùˆ Ø¯ÙˆØ±Ù‡ Ø²Ù…Ø§Ù†ÛŒ Ú©Ø³Ø± Ù…Ø¦ÙˆÙ†Ù‡ Ø§Ø² Ø±Ø¨Ø Ø¯ÙˆØ±Ù‡51 Ø´Ù…Ø§Ø±Ù‡4 Ø³Ø§Ù„1398 ????, ???? ???; ?????, ???????
??? ? ???? ???? 51 ????? 4: ????? ????? ??9? ?????????8
Publisher : ???????? ??????? ?????? ????

??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???. ????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????: ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????. ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ? ????? ???? ? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? (?) ????? ???. ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?  ? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???. ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ??? ??????? ???.

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