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LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION OF KRUENG LANGSA WATERSHED USING MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD METHOD VANESSA VANESSA HILDA MANIHURUK; Iswahyudi; Syamsul Bahri
Jurnal Belantara Vol 9 No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Forestry Study Program University Of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbl.v9i1.1159

Land cover classification plays an important role in supporting environmental management and spatial planning, particularly in watershed areas. However, recent studies have predominantly emphasized advanced machine learning approaches, with limited attention given to the applicability of conventional methods such as Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) in specific local contexts. This study aims to evaluate the performance of the MLC method in classifying land cover in the Krueng Langsa watershed using high-resolution RapidEye imagery. This research was conducted from July to October 2024 in the Krueng Langsa watershed, covering East Aceh, Aceh Tamiang, and Langsa City. Land cover classification was performed using supervised Maximum Likelihood Classification in ArcGIS 10.8.2, followed by accuracy assessment using a confusion matrix and kappa coefficient based on stratified random sampling. The results identified ten land cover classes, with dryland forest dominating the area at 38.01%, while open land had the smallest proportion at 0.80%. The classification achieved an overall accuracy of 89% and a kappa coefficient of 0.88, indicating an almost perfect level of agreement. These findings demonstrate that the MLC method remains effective and reliable for land cover classification in tropical watershed environments. This study highlights the continued relevance of conventional classification approaches and provides valuable baseline information for sustainable watershed management and regional planning in the Krueng Langsa area.

EVALUATION OF COMMUNITY SPRINGS FOR DOMESTIC WATER IN DODA BAHARI VILLAGE, CENTRAL BUTON IRNAWATI IRUN
Jurnal Belantara Vol 9 No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Forestry Study Program University Of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbl.v9i2.1146

This research aimed to evaluate the potential, utilization, maintenance and management of people's springs to ensure their sustainability in Doda Bahari Village, Sangia Wambulu District, Central Buton Regency. Data was collected through field observations, interviews and questionnaires to the community. Data analysis was conducted descriptively to describe the condition of the spring and its level of utilization. The results showed that the area of the spring is 209.14 m2 and the initial utilization was channeled to community homes in 2002, with the condition of vegetation around the spring still dense but sometimes there is logging and the presence of community plantations. In terms of physical parameters, namely smell, taste and color, the people's spring meets the physical parameters for consumption and the discharge obtained is 0.00347 m3/second with water utilization by the community covering domestic needs (drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, toilets and watering plants). The total use of community water is 25,026.6 m3/year, with the smoothness of water received in the community affected by the distance of the spring from the settlement. The main challenges in water utilization are water that does not flow during power outages, reduced discharge during the dry season, water that flows one day and does not flow another day and the presence of lime content when water is cooked based on community interviews. Spring maintenance is good and structural management like reservoir construction has been implemented. However, non-structural management remains suboptimal due to low public awareness and weak village regulations.

KALANJANA GRASS PRODUCTIVITY IN BUNDER GRAND FOREST PARK COMMUNITY ZONE Muhibun Khanam; Sabiqul Marom; Anggie Saputri; Ariq Zaidan; Izmi Jaatsiyah; Lelita Gian Widiya Arista; Siti Zahra; Yus Andhini Bhekti Pertiwi; Ana Agustina; Harish Faza
Jurnal Belantara Vol 9 No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Forestry Study Program University Of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbl.v9i2.1188

Bunder Grand Forest Park is one of the conservation areas that serves as a source of sustenance for surrounding communities by implementing agroforestry initiatives within the Community-Use Zone. Although previous studies have confirmed the biophysical suitability of this site for kalanjana grass (Brachiaria mutica) cultivation, no study has established quantitative productivity data across the five Forest Farmer Group (KTH) management units, leaving a critical gap in the empirical basis needed for sustainable harvest management and carrying capacity assessment. This study addresses this gap by quantifying the productivity of kalanjana grass (Brachiaria mutica) across five farmer groups in the Community-Use Zone of Bunder Grand Forest Park. Field observations were conducted using 30 1×1 m plots to measure plant height, leaf number, and fresh weight, while interviews with 30 respondents collected data on land management practices and economic valuation. Grass cultivation practices and productivity were assessed using descriptive analysis of interview and observation data. Results showed that productivity varied considerably across KTHs: KTH Langgeng recorded the highest yield at 98,856 kg/ha/year (IDR 49,428,000/ha/year), followed by KTH Puntuk Srumbung (74,808 kg/ha/year; IDR 37,404,000/ha/year), KTH Wana Makmur (48,630 kg/ha/year; IDR 24,315,000/ha/year), KTH Ngreksobawono (40,590 kg/ha/year; IDR 20,295,000/ha/year), and KTH Ngudi Lestari (32,605.71 kg/ha/year; IDR 16,302,857/ha/year). Productivity variation across KTHs was influenced by biophysical site conditions and farmers' socioeconomic characteristics. To optimize community empowerment, it is recommended to diversify the species and products cultivated by each KTH, while accounting for local environmental factors and upholding conservation principles.

GREENPEACE ADVOCACY AND INDIGENOUS FOREST GOVERNANCE PAPUA: THE AWYU-MOI CASE, 2021-2025 Nurul Fadhilah Syam
Jurnal Belantara Vol 9 No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Forestry Study Program University Of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbl.v9i2.1218

Papuan indigenous people depend on customary forests for their social, cultural and economic survival. But it’s under increasing threat from deforestation, plantation expansion and overlapping land-use permits. This study aims to analyze Greenpeace's strategy through the TAN framework in advocating for the protection of Papuan customary forests in the Awyu and Moi cases (2021–2025). This study uses descriptive qualitative methods based on the analysis of legal documents, campaign reports, and secondary data. This study explores how Greenpeace implements the TAN strategy through information, symbolic, influence, and accountability politics. Boomerang politics brings local issues into the international environmental and political agenda through global campaigns, media exposure, and transnational advocacy networks. The novelty of this study lies in combining the TAN framework and boomerang patterns to explain customary forest advocacy in Papua, particularly in the cases of Awyu and Moi, which are underrepresented in previous research. The results show that Greenpeace's advocacy increased public awareness, legal and political pressure for customary forest protection, and Indigenous Peoples' participation in environmental governance discussions. Although this study does not claim that advocacy directly reduced deforestation, it demonstrates Greenpeace's contribution to strengthening the monitoring of forest conversion policies and strengthening the discourse of sustainable forest management in Papua.

THE REVENUE GAP OF NON-TAX STATE REVENUE FROM SOCIAL FORESTRY IN LAMPUNG PROVINCE Niko Ardyanto; Indra Gumay Febryano; Arief Darmawan; Christine Wulandari; Zainal Abidin
Jurnal Belantara Vol 9 No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Forestry Study Program University Of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbl.v9i2.1223

Optimizing Non-Tax State Revenue (PNBP) from Social Forestry (SF) is important to ensure that community-based forest utilization contributes to state revenue and sustainable forest governance. This study estimated the potential, realization, and revenue gap of PNBP from SF activities in Lampung Province using a revenue gap analysis approach. A quantitative descriptive method was applied by integrating planning data from the Social Forestry Management Plan (RKPS), production data from the Forest Product Administration Information System (SIPUHH), and revenue realization data from the Non-Tax State Revenue Information System (SIPNBP). The analysis covered 138 SF groups with verified RKPS documents and recorded PNBP payments in 2025. The estimated potential PNBP reached IDR 3.71 billion, while the recorded realization was IDR 785.11 million, resulting in an estimated revenue gap of IDR 2.92 billion (78.86%). Of the 44 Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP) commodities planned in the RKPS, only 21 were recorded in the production and payment systems, indicating a substantial discrepancy between planned and recorded activities. The revenue gap was associated with inconsistencies between planning documents and implementation, non-standard production units, limitations in data integration, and indications of under-reporting in the administrative system. These findings highlight the importance of improving planning quality, institutional capacity, data standardization, system integration, and administrative governance to optimize PNBP in SF. Since the analysis relies on administrative records rather than verified field production data, the results should be interpreted as an indicative revenue gap rather than a confirmed state revenue loss.

The SOCIAL CAPITAL, LEADERSHIP, AND FOREST PARTICIPATION ACROSS ELEVATION GRADIENTS IN UPPER BENGAWAN SOLO Dwi Apriyanto Apriyanto; Bramasto Nugroho; Leti Sundawati; Joko Sutrisno
Jurnal Belantara Vol 9 No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Forestry Study Program University Of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbl.v9i2.1224

The Upper Bengawan Solo Watershed is one of Indonesia’s priority river basins and faces severe land degradation, much of which occurs on privately owned smallholder land. Private forests have become an important strategy for land rehabilitation, yet farmers’ participation in forest management remains uneven. This study examines the roles of social capital, local leadership (symbolic power), and shared knowledge in shaping participation in private forest management across elevation strata in Wonogiri Regency, Indonesia. A quantitative survey was conducted with 210 private forest farmers, and data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test and multiple linear regression. The results show significant differences in trust, shared knowledge, and the overall social capital index across elevation strata. However, the effects of social capital dimensions on participation are inconsistent. In contrast, symbolic power (β = 0.221, p < 0.05) and shared knowledge (β = 0.198, p < 0.05) positively and significantly influence participation, emerging as stronger predictors than trust, networks, and norms. Elevation strata are not significantly associated with participation, indicating that ecological conditions serve primarily as a socio-ecological context rather than direct drivers of collective action. These findings suggest that social capital alone is insufficient to promote participation unless activated through legitimate local leadership and shared understanding among farmers. Strengthening local leadership and collaborative learning processes may therefore enhance participation and support sustainable private forest management.

SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT PRIORITIES IN A SPECIAL PURPOSE FOREST AREA, TEMANGGUNG Variantika Metasari; Rahmawaty; Feti Fatimatuzzahroh
Jurnal Belantara Vol 9 No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Forestry Study Program University Of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbl.v9i2.1227

The Special Purpose Forest Area of the Indonesian National Counterterrorism Agency (KHDTK BNPT) in Central Java, Indonesia, is a forest area developed for forest rehabilitation, community empowerment, and social rehabilitation, including deradicalization and social reintegration programs for former terrorism convicts through productive forestry activities. However, repeated forest fires, vegetation degradation, and community dependence on land utilization pose challenges to sustainable management. This study aimed to determine sustainable management priorities of KHDTK BNPT using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Data were collected through field observations, interviews, literature reviews, and AHP questionnaires involving eight expert respondents. The criteria and management alternatives were developed based on ecological, social, economic, and institutional considerations integrated with the Nature-Based Solutions (NbS) approach. The results showed that institutional and forest management was the highest-priority criterion (0.413), followed by ecology and environment (0.265), Social and Community Dimension (0.163), and Economic Dimension (0.159). The global priority ranking indicated that institutional activity of Forest Farmer Groups (KTH), area security stability, land tenure status, and Vegetation Density were the highest-priority management alternatives. These findings demonstrate that sustainable management of KHDTK BNPT depends on strengthening local institutions, improving governance effectiveness, maintaining ecosystem rehabilitation efforts, and enhancing community participation to support the long-term implementation of Nature-based Solutions (NbS). Therefore, management programs should prioritize strengthening the capacity and involvement of Forest Farmer Groups (KTH), improving area security and land tenure clarity, and maintaining vegetation restoration activities as key actions to support the implementation of Nature-based Solutions (NbS) and sustainable forest management.

SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW: SUSTAINABLE SILVOFISHERY DEVELOPMENT IN MANGROVE ECOSYSTEMS IN INDONESIA rahmawaty rahmawaty; ROULINA SIMANJORANG; LIRENTA MASARI HALOHO; MARISI SIAHAAN; SURANTO
Jurnal Belantara Vol 9 No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Forestry Study Program University Of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbl.v9i2.1228

Silvofishery integrates mangrove conservation with low-input aquaculture and is increasingly promoted for sustainable coastal management in Indonesia. This study aimed to identify research trends, evaluate ecological and socio-economic outcomes, synthesize factors controlling implementation success, and formulate research and policy priorities for sustainable silvofishery development in Indonesian mangrove ecosystems. A Systematic Literature Review was conducted using the PRISMA framework and complemented by descriptive bibliometric mapping with VOSviewer. The search used expanded synonyms, including silvofishery, silvo-aquaculture, integrated mangrove aquaculture, wanamina, empang parit, mangrove-based aquaculture, mangrove restoration, blue carbon, food security, climate change, and coastal communities. The Indonesia scope was applied using country-, regional-, and site-specific terms. From 200 records identified, 200 records were screened by title and abstract, 65 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, and 10 studies published between 2010 and 2026 met the inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis. The synthesis shows that silvofishery can improve mangrove rehabilitation, carbon stock, pond productivity, fishery resources, and coastal income, but outcomes vary across locations. Blanakan showed the strongest multi-service integration, Brebes provided the clearest long-term monitoring evidence, Banyuasin showed strong crab-silvofishery performance, and the Mahakam Delta showed high restoration relevance in a degraded landscape. Success depended on site suitability, tidal exchange, water and sediment quality, mangrove species composition, stocking intensity, institutional support, and community participation. The review concludes that silvofishery is not only an aquaculture model but also a nature-based solution that links ecosystem restoration, climate change mitigation, food security, and livelihood resilience.

SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW OF SULFUR DIOXIDE SOURCES, IMPACTS, AND CONTROL STRATEGIES rahmawaty rahmawaty; Andriadi; Sayyida Nafisa; Elma Asvira Vardhani; Suranto
Jurnal Belantara Vol 9 No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Forestry Study Program University Of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbl.v9i2.1230

Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) remains an important ambient air pollutant in Indonesia because it is emitted by fossil-fuel combustion, industrial processes, vehicular activities, and open burning at waste-disposal and commercial areas. This systematic literature review synthesizes empirical evidence on SO₂ emission sources, ambient concentrations, health and ecological impacts, monitoring approaches, and control strategies in Indonesia. Literature published between 2018 and 2025 was identified from Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and WHO-related databases, and the review process was reported in accordance with PRISMA 2020. After duplicate removal, title and abstract screening, full-text eligibility assessment, and methodological appraisal, 55 studies were included in the synthesis. The evidence shows that elevated SO₂ concentrations are repeatedly reported in traditional markets, landfills, industrial zones, transport corridors, and public facilities, although the spatial coverage and monitoring duration remain uneven. Health-related studies indicate respiratory irritation, non-carcinogenic exposure risks among high-exposure workers, and potential exacerbation of chronic respiratory disease, while ecological impacts remain comparatively under-investigated. Bibliometric mapping using VOSviewer identified air pollution, sulfur dioxide, ambient air, air quality, public health, and health impact as the dominant thematic clusters. This review contributes by integrating source-exposure-impact-control evidence and by identifying the main methodological and policy gaps for SO₂ management in Indonesia.

OIL HEAT TREATMENT EFFECTS ON COLOR CHANGES IN JABON AND SENGON WOODS Intan Fajar Suri; Irvan Seprianta; Syifaulafifah; Galang Adandi Aman; Monika Theresia Simarmata
Jurnal Belantara Vol 9 No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Forestry Study Program University Of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbl.v9i2.1231

The increasing demand for wood resources has encouraged the utilization of fast-growing species such as jabon (Neolamarckia cadamba) and sengon (Falcataria moluccana), although their relatively low-quality limits their application in high-value products. This study evaluated the effect of oil heat treatment (OHT) on the color characteristics of both species and examined consumer preferences toward the resulting wood appearance. Wood samples were treated in palm oil at temperatures of 170°C, 190°C, and 210°C for 2 h. Color changes were assessed using the CIE-Lab system, and a preference survey with 100 respondents was conducted to evaluate visual acceptance. The results showed that increasing treatment temperature progressively reduced the lightness (L*) values of both species, producing darker wood surfaces. Sengon exhibited a greater degree of darkening than jabon, indicating different responses to thermal modification. Changes in the a* and b* parameters also varied between species, reflecting differences in their chemical and anatomical characteristics. The darker, more uniform colors achieved after treatment enhanced the visual appearance of both woods. Consumer responses indicated that moderately dark colors were generally preferred, with jabon treated at 190°C and sengon treated at 210°C receiving the highest appreciation. These findings suggest that oil heat treatment is a promising, environmentally friendly approach to improving the aesthetic value and market potential of fast-growing wood species. Future studies should investigate the effects of OHT on the physical, mechanical, and durability properties of modified wood.

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Nusa tenggara barat

INDONESIA