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EMISSION ANALYSIS OF LAMTORO WOOD PELLETS COMBINE PLASTIC AND SODIUM CARBONATE Abdul Azis; Aldrin; Amri Hidayat
Jurnal Belantara Vol 9 No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Forestry Study Program University Of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbl.v9i1.1150

Leucaena leucocephala, commonly known as lamtoro, is an invasive species that proliferates in tropical regions, including Sumbawa Island, and poses a threat to local biodiversity. Nevertheless, the abundant biomass of this plant presents an opportunity for its utilization as a renewable energy source in the form of wood pellets. This study aims to analyze the emission characteristics of lamtoro-based wood pellets substituted with plastic waste and sodium carbonate, as a strategy to enhance energy efficiency while reducing the environmental impact of solid waste. Three pellet formulations were tested: (1) 100% lamtoro as the control, (2) lamtoro mixed with 10% plastic waste, and (3) lamtoro mixed with 10% sodium carbonate. Combustion tests were conducted using a flue gas analyzer to measure the concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter. The results indicate that the addition of plastic waste significantly increased the calorific value of the pellets but also led to higher emissions of CO and NOx. In contrast, the addition of sodium carbonate demonstrated a positive effect by reducing CO emissions by 35% and NOx by 28% compared to the control, as well as improving combustion efficiency through a catalytic mechanism in the decomposition of carbon compounds. These findings suggest that lamtoro wood pellets combined with sodium carbonate are a promising alternative bioenergy source that is environmentally friendly, supports the management of invasive species, and contributes to the diversification of renewable energy sources in rural and conservation areas.

LAND COVER CHANGE IN PROTECTED FOREST, TANANTOVEA SUBDISTRICT DONGGALA REGENCY Baharuddin, Rhamdhani Fitrah; Hasriani Muis; Arman Maiwa; Suni, Muhammad Adam; Abdul Rahman; Anwar
Jurnal Belantara Vol 9 No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Forestry Study Program University Of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbl.v9i1.1157

Protected forests play a vital role in maintaining ecosystem balance, such as regulating water systems, controlling floods, and preserving soil fertility. However, pressure from population growth and community activities around forest areas particularly land clearing for plantations has led to significant changes in land cover. This research was conducted from May to November 2023 and aimed to calculate the land cover area for the years 2013 and 2023, as well as analyze land cover changes in the Protected Forest area of Tanantovea District, Donggala, over the ten-year period. Land cover identification and its changes were assessed using Landsat 8 satellite imagery, classified through a supervised classification method. Image data processing identified five types of land cover: primary dryland forest, secondary dryland forest, plantations, shrubs, and bare land. The results showed that the primary dryland forest experienced a decrease of 522.20 hectares, while other land cover classes increased in area. These changes were driven by the socio-economic conditions of surrounding communities, such as low-income levels, limited employment opportunities, and small land ownership. The classification accuracy reached 82%, indicating that the image interpretation was reasonably representative of actual field conditions. These findings highlight the importance of utilizing remote sensing technology to monitor land cover dynamics and support sustainable forest management decision-making.

HERPETOFAUNA SPECIES DIVERSITY AT OIL PALM PLANTATIONS IN MOROWALI REGENCY, CENTRAL SULAWESI Sitti Ramlah; Nadjamuddin, Lukman; Andi Chairil Ichsan
Jurnal Belantara Vol 9 No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Forestry Study Program University Of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbl.v9i1.1176

Central Sulawesi is one of Indonesia’s oil palm producing provinces, with a plantation area of 60,913.77 ha distributed across nine districts, including Morowali Regency. Various allegations that oil palm plantations are associated with a decline in biodiversity, particularly herpetofauna, have encouraged research on herpetofauna and mammals. This study aimed to determine the diversity of herpetofauna species in oil palm plantations in Morowali Regency at Ungkaya Village. The research sites included old oil palm plantations, young oil palm plantations, and areas with High Conservation Value (HCV). The distance between the old oil palm plantations and the young oil palm plantations was approximately ±4 km, while the distance from the old oil palm plantations to the HCV area was ±3 km, and from the young oil palm plantations to the HCV area was ±5 km. Data collection was conducted using the Visual Encounter Survey (VES) method combined with a 1 km transect at each land cover age. Observations were carried out between 19:00 and 21:00 WITA. The results showed that changes in land cover within oil palm plantations did not cause a reduction in the number of herpetofauna species. A total of 13 reptile and amphibian species were recorded across all land cover types. The species diversity and richness indices indicated moderate values (H′ = 2.32 and R = 2.47), suggesting that oil palm plantations can function as habitats for herpetofauna. The species evenness index value of 0.91 indicates that herpetofauna are able to inhabit oil palm plantations across all land cover ages.

MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION AND ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION IN PLUMERIA PUDICA Shukla, Kavan; Odedra, Kunal; Jadeja, B. A.
Jurnal Belantara Vol 9 No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Forestry Study Program University Of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbl.v9i1.1177

The present study aimed to conduct a comprehensive integrative morphological and micromorphological assessment of Plumeria pudica Jacq., a widely cultivated ornamental shrub of the family Apocynaceae. Specifically, the research sought to evaluate morphological diversity among seventeen accessions collected from diverse agroclimatic zones of Gujarat and Daman, India, analyze quantitative vegetative and reproductive traits along with qualitative characters, and investigate micromorphological features to understand trait variation, integration, and adaptive significance. Seventeen accessions were systematically examined for quantitative traits including plant height, leaf dimensions, branching pattern, and floral parameters, along with qualitative morphological characteristics. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to analyze micromorphological structures of pollen, petal, leaf, stem, and root tissues. Statistical analyses, including Simpson’s and Shannon–Wiener diversity indices, correlation analysis, and hierarchical clustering, were performed to assess intraspecific variation, diversity patterns, and coordinated trait development. Substantial intraspecific variation was observed, particularly in plant height (122–579 cm), leaf size, branching architecture, and floral traits, supported by high diversity index values. SEM analysis revealed distinct pollen exine ornamentation, specialized petal epidermal architecture, variations in stomatal distribution, and root mycorrhizal associations indicative of adaptive strategies. Strong correlations and modular clustering demonstrated coordinated development between vegetative and floral traits. The findings highlight significant phenotypic plasticity and ecological adaptability in Plumeria pudica, providing baseline information for conservation, breeding, and horticultural improvement efforts.

RECREATIONAL VALUE ESTIMATION OF JAJI-ARYUB PARK USING TRAVEL COST METHOD, PAKTYA, AFGHANISTAN ariez, mujeeb; Noori, Abdul Mateen; Zazai, Khanzadgul Zazai; Fahim, Ziaudeen; Salari, Hedayatullah
Jurnal Belantara Vol 9 No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Forestry Study Program University Of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbl.v9i1.1179

Protected areas play a vital role in biodiversity conservation and in providing recreational opportunities for the public. Jaji Aryub Park, located in Paktya Province of Afghanistan, is one of such protected area that has become a popular recreational destination over past four years. However, the park’s economic valuation had not been previously documented. For economic valuation of the park this study was conducted using Travel Cost Method (TCM). A total of 250 structured questionnaires were distributed among visitors during the 2024–2025 recreational season, complemented by face-to-face interviews with park administrators. Data were analyzed using SPSS.The findings revealed that the average number of visitors during Eid holidays, Fridays, and regular days was approximately 5,000, 500, and 75 persons per day, respectively. The total number of visitors during the 180-day recreational season of 2024–2025 was estimated 89,800 individuals. About 40% of visitors (35,920 persons) were from neighboring areas (same or adjoining districts), with an average individual expenditure of 300 AFN per person, resulting in a total expenditure of 10,776,000 AFN. The remaining 60% (53,880 visitors) came from distant areas, with an average cost of 2,500 AFN per person, amounting to a total of 134,700,000 AFN. Consequently, the total economic value of the park during the 2024–2025 recreational season was estimated at 145,476,000 AFN (approximately USD 207,822). The study also identified several key challenges affecting the park’s sustainable management and visitors’ satisfaction, including poor infrastructure, restricted areas, noncompliance with environmental protection regulations, and overcrowding during peak recreational periods.

COMMUNITY PERCEPTION AND PARTICIPATION TOWARDS THE JANGKA BENAH PROGRAM IN WEST TANJUNG JABUNG Muryunika, Rince; Fazriyas; Irawan, Bambang; Anggraini, Riana; Nisa, Khairun
Jurnal Belantara Vol 9 No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Forestry Study Program University Of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbl.v9i1.1180

The existence of expanding oil palm plantations is inevitable, as it has contributed significantly to increasing household incomes. However, the continued practice of monoculture oil palm plantations in forest areas poses a critical challenge to the sustainability of the ecosystem. This study aims to analyze farmers’ perceptions and participation in oil palm-based agroforestry management, as well as the relationship. Data collection was conducted through interviews, data were analyzed using a descriptive qualitative approach and a quantitative approach using Chi Square. The variables studied were farmer perception (X) and farmer participation (Y).The study population consisted of members of Forest Farmer Groups (KTH) in the Jangka Benah program a collaborative effort between the Forest Management Unit (KPHP) Unit XVI Tanjung Jabung Barat and the Natural Resources Conservation Agency (BKSDA) of Jambi Province. This program was implemented in Sungai Penoban Village and involved three farmer groups: KTH Anugerah, KTH Bukit Indah, and KTH Tri Jaya Makmur. The results of the study indicate that although farmers generally have positive perceptions, but the farmer participation is very low. The results of the Chi-Square test indicate that there is no significant relationship between perception and participation in Jangka Benah programs (0.406) with a contingency degree of 0.1 (very weak). The main factor influencing this reluctance was concern over potential economic risks, especially the perceived threat of reduced oil palm productivity. In addition, poor growth of intercrops planted three years earlier further hampered participation, ultimately leading most farmers to discontinue agroforestry practices in their oil palm plantations.

EFFECT OF PLOT SIZE ON ABOVE-GROUND CARBON STOCK ESTIMATES IN BERAU Fajrin, Nur; Ali Suhardiman; Yosep Ruslim
Jurnal Belantara Vol 9 No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Forestry Study Program University Of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbl.v9i1.1184

In designing data collection methods to estimate carbon stocks stored above and below the forest surface, plot size is a crucial factor that needs to be considered. This study aims to evaluate the effect of plot size differences on the results of above-ground carbon stock estimates at PT Wana Bakti Persada Utama, Berau Regency, East Kalimantan. This study is important because plot size is a fundamental component in forest inventory design that directly affects the accuracy, stability, and representativeness of carbon estimates. The selection of an inappropriate plot size can cause bias, either in the from of overestimation or underestimation of carbon stocks, thereby impacting the accuracy of data in supporting forest management planning and climate change mitigation. Data collection was carried out using a rectangular nested plot design with three sizes, namely (20×20 m), (20×50 m), and (20×100 m), for a total of 15 plots. All trees with a Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) ≥ 40 cm were measured and their above-ground biomass was calculated, then converted into carbon stocks. The results showed that the average carbon stock in small, medium, and large plots was 67.59 ± 22.21 tonsC/ha; 86.81 ± 37.51 tonsC/ha; and 89.67 ± 36.34 tonsC/ha, respectively. The t-test results show that there is no significant difference between plot sizes (α = 0.05), except between small and large plots. These findings confirm that plot size affects the accuracy of carbon stock estimates and needs to be carefully considered in the design of forest carbon inventories.

ASSESSING COFFEE ECOTOURISM STRENGTHS AND CHALLENGES IN CIBULAO VILLAGE THROUGH STORY MAPS Hafizh, Surya; Caesario, Dipo; Tanjung, Anisha Syafitri; Zakiah, Rizki; Novita, Silvia; Sonya, Dhea; Cahyadi, Yunaldo Dwi; Azzahra, Rivantia
Jurnal Belantara Vol 9 No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Forestry Study Program University Of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbl.v9i1.1187

Cibulao Village has significant potential for ecotourism development, particularly through coffee cultivation. However, this potential requires strategic planning and effective promotion. This study analyzes the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges of coffee ecotourism in Cibulao Village and develops a promotional media that supported by geographic information system using the ArcGIS StoryMaps platform. The methods included interviews, observation, and documentation involving managers, tourists, and the local community. The research results show good potential in developing coffee ecotourism, such as a tourism concept that promotes education on conservation coffee cultivation area and sites but still faces challenges in infrastructure and limited development possibilities due to land ownership and area status. The development of ArcGIS StoryMaps can be an alternative interactive promotional media based on geographic information system technology that is more effective and efficient because it shows the potential strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges that are depicted in real time tracking map and storytelling.

FOREST CONSERVATION PARTNERSHIPS FOR SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN LAMPUNG PROTECTED AREAS Pratama, Denny Saputra; Febryano, Indra Gumay; Puspasari, Eny; Wulandari, Christine
Jurnal Belantara Vol 9 No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Forestry Study Program University Of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbl.v9i1.1199

The government has implemented the Conservation Partnership scheme as an effort to resolve land conflicts in conservation areas. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Conservation Partnership in Gapoktanhut SHK Lestari in Wan Abdul Rachman Forest Park. The research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and document analysis. The results show that the implementation of the Conservation Partnership in Cilimus Village has changed the relationship between the local community and the forest park management from land tenure conflict to a cooperative relationship through the recognition of land management access. The partnership involves the direct participation of the community in land management, supported by the institutional role of Forest Farmer Groups and the application of an agroforestry system, with 21 Forest Farmer Groups holding access permits, consisting of 2 KTH Main Class and 19 KTH Intermediate Class, involving 512 households and a total management area of approximately 790.94 ha. Community development is carried out through the use of non-timber forest products as sources of livelihood, including post-harvest processing activities largely undertaken by women’s groups, as well as the involvement of group members in forest patrols and conservation activities. On the other hand, the implementation of the partnership still faces several challenges, including dependence on middlemen for product marketing, low involvement of younger generations in farming activities, land area adjustments within permit arrangements, and the administrative burden of economic reporting experienced by some elderly group members.

CARBON STOCK ESTIMATION ON REPONG DAMAR LANDSCAPE IN PESISIR BARAT REGENCY, LAMPUNG PROVINCE Risnanda, Oktavian Rizky; Febryano, Indra Gumay; Darmawan, Arief; Hilmanto, Rudi; Nurhajah, Intan
Jurnal Belantara Vol 9 No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Forestry Study Program University Of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbl.v9i1.1200

Climate change mitigation activities in the forestry sector are currently widely carried out through the REDD+ scheme, especially in tropical regions. In the REDD+ scheme, information on forest carbon stocks in areas used as REDD+ activity locations will be essential. This study aims to estimate aboveground carbon stocks in the damar repong landscape in Pesisir Barat Regency, Lampung Province, which consists of three main land cover types, namely repong damar, natural forest, and mixed gardens. The approach used is a non-destructive method with a purposive sampling technique on 42 sample plots. Vegetation data were collected by measuring the diameter, height, and density of wood, then biomass was calculated using allometric equations and converted into carbon stocks. The results showed that the highest average carbon stock was found in repong damar at 269.74 tC/ha, followed by natural forest at 167.01 tC/ha, and mixed gardens at 96.61 tC/ha. Variations in carbon stocks in the three land covers were influenced by stand structure, tree size, and vegetation density. Statistical analysis showed the highest level of uncertainty in natural forest and the lowest in mixed gardens. This study confirms that traditional agroforestry systems such as damar repong have significant potential in mitigating climate change through high carbon storage.

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