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Mazahib

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Published by Institut Agama Islam Negeri Samarinda

ISSN : 18299067 EISSN : 24606588 DOI : -

Core Subject : Humanities, Education, Art, Social,

Arts Humanities Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences Other

MAZAHIB Jurnal Pemikiran Hukum Islam (MAZAHIB Journal of Islamic Legal Thoughts, p-ISSN: 1829-9067, e-ISSN: 2460-6588) is a peer-reviewed journal published by the Faculty of Sharia, Samarinda State Institute of Islamic Studies (IAIN Samarinda). This scholarly periodical specializes in the study of Islamic law and seeks to present the various results of the latest research, both conceptual-doctrinal and empirical, in the field. The editors welcome contributions in the form of articles to be published after undergoing a manuscript selection mechanism, peer-review, and editing process.

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Articles 162 Documents

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Islamic Law and Copyright In Academic World: The Dynamic Debates between Privatization and Distribution of Knowledge Darmawati, Darmawati
Mazahib Vol 17, No 1 (2018)
Publisher : IAIN Samarinda

The article explores copyright problem dynamic in a globalized academic world, especially in the Muslim worlds. The discussed issue in this paper is a conflict of interest between knowledge privatization and distribution, and its relation to the Islamic norms. This paper argues that the main problem of the concept is that the discourse is dominated by the idea of knowledge privatization by the publishers as capitalists, supported by the Government through the policy represented in Copyright law. This study finds that there are several movements emerged in response to the development of copyright law. At least, there are two stream movements; anti copyright movement and movement which demand copyright reform. By presenting examples of copyright resistance movements in the academic world such as Sci-Hub, Libgen, A2K movement, and some copyright experiences in the Muslim world, this article will be guided by Foucauldian genealogical discourse theory. This article confirms that the interests of publishers and academic interests are two things that are difficult to discuss in order to achieve a win win solution. While copyright laws favor the ruling interests of things, it does not fully effective in handling the legal cases on academic and non-profit matters. Besides, Islamic law has its own ambivalence to the copyright case. On the one hand, Islam advocates the widespread dissemination of knowledge, but on the other hand the Muslim worlds have to limit the spread of the sciences in accordance with the interests of intellectual property rights.Keywords: Intellectual Property right, Islam and copyright, privatization of knowledge.

Legal Analysis on the Policy of Home Ownership Requirements for Foreigners in the Consumer Credit Agremeent of Syariah Bank in Indonesia Eka Husnul Khotimah, Rachmadani
Mazahib Vol 17, No 1 (2018)
Publisher : IAIN Samarinda

The study examines the normative policy on the ownership rules of residential homes for foreigners in the credit agreement consumption of Syariah banks in Indonesia. This policy has existed since 2005. However, it does not make all Syariah banks in Indonesia provide credit facilities to foreigners since there is no specific implementing regulation and legal protection for the banks in the case of finance arrears caused by the practice which can disrupt their liquidity and profitability. Considering this, the article analyses the legal protection for Islamic banks, both in preventive and repressive context, in providing credit facilities for foreigners, so that they all can facilitate loans without any fears and risks. This becomes necessary as it can contribute to Indonesia’s economic growth. It argues that the law should cover this matter, through both preventive and restrictive measures, in which the law should prevent the practice from causing finance arrears through musyārakah contract. The results of this study confirm that there is legal protection that has been regulated by Bank Indonesia for Syariah Bank in giving credit to a foreigner.Keywords: Legal Policy, Syariah Bank, Foreigners, Consumer Credit Agreement

The Program of Circuit Isbat Nikah as the Embodiment of Access to Justice in Indonesia Andaryuni, Lilik
Mazahib Vol 17, No 1 (2018)
Publisher : IAIN Samarinda

Human rights guaranteed by the Constitution require, among other things, that every citizen should be able to access the judiciary. In reality, however, not all citizens can access the judiciary in Indonesia due to various factors including litigation costs, ignorance of litigation procedures, and distance problem. The same situation is also experienced by the society seeking for justice through Islamic judiciary (Pengadilan Agama or PA) across Indonesia. One of the Religious Courts deserved for a case study is PA Tenggarong. PA Tenggarong is one of the Religious Courts in East Kalimantan, which covers two district areas, namely Kutai Barat and Kutai Kartanegara. Kutai Barat consists of 12 sub-districts with 182 villages, while Kutai Kartanegara has 18 sub-districts with 227 villages. The geographical conditions and locations of the villages are mostly far away from the PA Tenggarong that render it difficult for the justice seekers in accessing the court, and, thus, obtaining their rights. Their legal problems mainly come from their unregistered marriages which make their unions do not exist according to the effective law. Hence, this article analyzes how the program of the legalization of unregistered marriages (isbat nikah) in PA Tenggarong has been implemented in order to assist the justice seekers in securing the legal certainty of marriage status. The finding reveals that the process of the legalization of marriage is conducted as a circuit marriage contract in different sub-district/village office or decent premises across Kutai Barat and Kutai Kartanegara. The program is free for eligible parties and is facilitative towards their needs and conditions, namely lacks of legal documents, ignorance of the litigation procedures, and afar domicile. This thus makes PA Tenggarong now more accessible to the public and the circuit isbat nikah as the embodiment of access to justice principle in Indonesia.Keywords:Circuit isbat nikah, access to justice, Islamic Judiciary in Indonesia

Muslim Feminists` Reading of the Quran: A Juristic Analysis on Family Law Issues Haneef, Sayed Sikandar Shah; bt Mohd Yunus, Saidatolakma; Al-Fijawi, Mohammed Farid Ali
Mazahib Vol 17, No 1 (2018)
Publisher : IAIN Samarinda

Muslim feminist movement represents an indigenous voice among the contemporary literature on women and family. Its main contention is that women in Muslim society are accorded less favourable treatment especially in terms of legal rights. To remedy the situation, feminist scholarship`s main argument is that there is a need for feminist-reading of the sacred texts so as to purge the juristic legacy of male-biased views and achieve justice and equality for Muslim women in contemporary families. One principal methodological framework for this idea to materialise is to embark on the re-reading of the Qur`an from the women`s perspective. In this context, this paper presents issue-based analysis of Amina Wadud`s reading of the relevant Qur`anic passages on family law matters and finds that in spite of its merits, its main handicap lies on its methodological flaws, both in terms of approach and outcome. Methodologically, it is regarded as selective and ultra-vires of Islamic methodology of legal reform. It terms of impact, it is suspected as being tainted with Western inspired assumptions of rights in terms of justice and equality between the genders. To overcome this impasse, the paper argues for a mediated holistic approach to harmonise relations between men and women in the family. Keywords: Family law, gender equality, justice, Muslim feminist.

Back Pages Ahyar, Muzayyin
Mazahib Vol 17, No 1 (2018)
Publisher : IAIN Samarinda

The Role of Ulama in the Application of Islamic Syariah in Aceh: A Study of Aceh Ulama Council’s Fatwa on Apostasies and Heresies Nurdin, Abidin; Abubakar, Muhammad bin; Alchaidar, Alchaidar; Apridar, Apridar
Mazahib Vol 17, No 1 (2018)
Publisher : IAIN Samarinda

This article examines the role of ulama in the implementation of Sharia in Aceh by focusing on the study of their fatwa concerning apostasies and heresy. Since the time of the Aceh Sultanate, the role of the ulama has been prominent as the royal judges who applied sharia due to the status Aceh as the region that embraces Sunni Islam as the official schools of jurisprudence and theology. This situation continues in the period of independence and it has legally been further strengthened in the post-Soeharto regime (reformation era) by the special autonomy status granted to Aceh that includes the right to implement sharia in full. Based on the special autonomy, the council of ulama in Aceh, known as Majelis Permusyawaratan Ulama (the Consultative Assembly of Ulama) or MPU) is officially instuted as the government partner and vested with the authority to issue religious edicts (fatwa) and give considerations regarding the problems of governance, development, community development, and Islamic economy to the government. With regards to Islamic theology, the MPU has the authority to determine the orthodoxy of a religious group by issuing fatwa. As studied, there are fourteen fatwa issued by the MPU on sects and religious movements flourished in Aceh which are deemed to be deviating from Islamic orthodoxy; those include Shiah, Millata Abraham, and Gafatar. From in-depth studies of the fatwa, this article reveals that the influential role of ulama in Aceh in the life of society and government comes from three legitimations, namely; history, legal, and social. This thus has made the society and government feel bound by the MPU fatwa on apostasies and heresies which prompt the Aceh government to ban the groups despite freedom of religion guaranteed by the constitution. This condition is theoretically appealing because, as far as the legal system of Indonesia is a concern, obeying a fatwa is a matter moral compliance instead of legal compliance.Keywords: Aceh, Islamic Sharia, Ulama Council’s Fatwa on Apostasies and Heresies

Para-fiqh: Bridging Thematic Fiqh to Ushūl and Ushūl’s Response to Specialization of Fiqh Siregar, Ahmad Sholihin
Mazahib Vol 17, No 2 (2018)
Publisher : IAIN Samarinda

The latest trend regarding the study of contemporary thematic Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) is built upon a paradigm that fiqh, as a science developed in the Islamic tradition, is able to respond to every modern challenge. This paradigm seems to be incompatible with the study of the Islamic legal theory (Ushū al-fiqh) which is considered stagnant. However, the study of Ushū al-fiqh is, the initial gate to the discussion of legal reasoning which enables those who master it come up with theoretically correct rulings and hopefully responsive to the needs of the times. Discussing the thematic Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) without going through the Ushū al-fiqh thinking framework may lead to a serious gap to the product of the thematic fiqh study. The thematic fiqh studies such as fiqh siyāsah (Islamic jurisprudence on constitution), fiqh munākahat (Islamic jurisprudence on marriage), and Islamic jurisprudence on health issues are not infrequently distorted from the actual context. This article offers a way of dealing with the gaps. In this case, the terminology presented is para-fiqh. Para-fiqh is a term to bridge the trend between the thematic fiqh studies and the stagnancy of Ushū al-fiqh study which, in turn, give birth to the antithesis in the form of thematic Ushū al-fiqh. This article employs the conceptual-doctrinal approach which seeks to present the problems of various classical literatures of the Muslim scholars. By scrutinizing the concept para-fiqh, it is hoped that: first, this article presents a universal legal argument on some particular legal themes; second, it explains the principles of Ushū al-fiqh to understand the thematic fiqh products. The findings emphasize that the para-fiqh concept is important for enriching the intellectual tradition of Muslim communities, as well as being a bridge between the gaps created by the study of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) and the study of Islamic legal theory (Ushū al-fiqh).Keywords: para-fiqh; thematic ushūl, thematic fiqh, Ushūl jināyat; Ushūl mu`āmalat. AbstrakTrend terbaru mengenai kajian fiqh tematik kontemporer saat ini membangun paradigma bahwa fiqh adalah salah satu ilmu yang berkembang dalam tradisi Islam yang mampu merespon tantangan zaman. Paradigma ini seakan tidak sebangun dengan kajian Ushul fiqh yang dianggap stagnan. Namun demikian, kajian Ushul fiqh sebenarnya adalah gerbang awal pembahasan penalaran hukum sehingga melahirkan keputusan-keputusan hukum yang tepat. Membahas fiqh tematik tanpa melalui kerangka berfikir ushuliy membawa gap yang serius terhadap produk kajian fiqh tematik tersebut. kajian-kajian tematik seperti fiqh siyāsah, fiqh, munākahat, fiqh kontemporer dan kesehatan tidak jarang terserabut dari konteks yang sebenarnya. Artikel ini menawarkan sebuah jalan lintas mengenai gap yang terjadi. Dalam kasus ini, terminology yang dihadirkan adalah para-fikqh. Para-fiqh adalah istilah untuk menjembatani antara trend kajian fiqh tematik dengan stagnasi kajian ushul fiqh; sehingga melahirkan antitesa berupa ushul fiqh tematik. Kajian dalam artikel ini bersifat konseptual-doktrinal yang berusaha menyajikan persoalan dari berbagai pustaka klasik sarjana Muslim. Artikel ini menemukan ada 2 tujuan: pertama, menghadirkan argumen hukum universal pada beberapa tema hukum yang partikular. Kedua, menjelaskan prinsp-prinsip ushūl guna memahami produk fikih tematik. Hasil dari artikel ini menekankan bahwa para-fiqh penting untuk memperkaya khazanah intelektual tradisi intelektual masyarakat Muslim, sekaligus menjadi jembatan penghubung dari gap yang terjadi karena persoalan fiqh dan ushūl fiqh.Kata Kunci: para-fiqh; ushūl tematik, fikih tematik, Ushūl jināyat; Ushūl mu`āmalat.

The Commodification of Religion in the Maqāṣid Al-Shariah Perspective Maftukhatusolikhah, Maftukhatusolikhah; Rusydi, Muhammad
Mazahib Vol 17, No 2 (2018)
Publisher : IAIN Samarinda

This article discusses the problem of the commodification of religion in Islam, namely looking at the perspective of Islamic law on a process that directs the symbols and religious expressions of Muslims in the framework of market-based power as a commodity or business object. The theory used is the Maqashid ash-Shariah theory, to find out whether or not the objectives of sharia law are maintained in the religious practices which intersect with the economic dimension. This becomes relevant because for a Muslim the conformity with the objectives of sharia is the materialization of maslahah which is the wisdom of establishing a law in Islam. It employs a normative approach in the perspective of Maqashid jurisprudence. The results of this study indicate that in the Islamic context, there are several things that reveal the symptoms of religious commodification which are packaged in various forms of industry. Some types of industry still exist which are built with economic rationality to seek mere worldly benefits and ignore the principles of benefit. For this type of business practice, the government with its various instruments or institutions must continue to carry out sharia-compliant supervision. Meanwhile for the sharia-based business practices or industries, there is no legal issue in complying with sharia objectives there.KeywordsCommodification of religion, Maqasid al-Sharia, Islamic law, religion with economic dimensions AbstrakTulisan ini membahas masalah komodifikasi agama dalam Islam, yaitu melihat perspektif hukum Islam terhadap suatu proses yang mengarahkan simbol-simbol dan ekspresi keberagamaan Umat Muslim dalam kerangka market-based power sebagai komoditas atau objek bisnis. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori Maqashid asy-Syariáh, untuk mengetahui tetap terjaga atau tidak-nya maksud atau tujuan penetapan hukum syariah dalam praktek-praktek agama dalam dimensi ekonomi tersebut. Hal ini menjadi relevan karena bagi seorang muslim kesesuaian dengan tujuan syariah yaitu tercapainya maslahah yang merupakan hikmah ditetapkannya suatu hukum dalam Islam merupakan hal yang sangat prinsip. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan normatif dalam perspektif fiqih Maqashid. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam konteks Islam, terdapat beberapa hal yang menampakkan adanya gejala komodivikasi agama yang dikemas dalam berbagai bentuk Industri. Beberapa jenis industri masih ada yang dibangun dengan rasionalitas Ekonomi untuk mencari keuntungan duniawi semata dan mengabaikan prinsip-prinsip kemaslahatan. Untuk praktek tersebut, pemerintah dengan berbagai instrumen atau lembaga yang dimilikinya harus terus melakukan pengawasan. Sedangkan untuk berbagai industri dan praktek bisnis yang berbasis syariah dan mengedepankan maslahah− yang maknanya lebih luas dari sekadar utility atau kepuasan dalam terminologi ekonomi konvensional−maka tidak ada persoalan hukum secara syariah.Kata kunciKomodifikasi agama, Maqasid al-Syariah, Hukum Islam, Agama dalam dimensi ekonomi

Politics, Local Governments, and Sharia By-Laws in Indonesia: Revisiting A Common Assumption Muhtada, Dani
Mazahib Vol 17, No 2 (2018)
Publisher : IAIN Samarinda

After the fall of Suharto regime, some local governments in Indonesia have adopted Shari’a by-laws. Several studies suggest that this adoption of Shari’a by-laws was influenced mostly by the political motives of the local elites. They used such by-laws as a strategy to gain political supports from Muslim voters. They also used the by-laws to facilitate bribery and electoral corruption using social and religious instruments and to distract people’s attention from ongoing corruption. Although it confirms the political motives behind the adoption of the Shari’a by-laws, this paper suggests that such political motives may not the only factors leading to the introduction of Shari’a by-laws. Based on the study of the political and religious backgrounds of the district heads, who were elected in the local elections between 2008 and 2013, in the six major provinces, this paper indicates that political motives do not play alone. The district heads’ religious backgrounds can be the other important factors contributing to the adoption of Shari’a by-laws by some local governments in Indonesia.Key words: Shari’a by-laws, politics, local governments, Indonesia. AbstrakSetelah jatuhnya rezim Suharto, beberapa pemerintah daerah di Indonesia menerapkan peraturan daerah bernuansa Syariah (perda Syariah). Beberapa kajian berpendapat bahwa pengadopsian perda Syariah ini banyak dipengaruhi oleh motif politik dari para elit daerah. Mereka menggungaka perda tersebut sebagai strategi untuk mendapatkan dukungan politik dari para pemilih Muslim. Mereka pula menggunakan perda tersebut sebagai transaksi suap dan kecurangan elektoral untuk mengalihkan perhatian masyarakat dari korupsi yang tengah berlangsung di Indonesia. Meskipun artikel ini menegaskan adanya motif politik di balik penerapan perda Syariah, artikel ini berpendapat bahwa motif politik tersebut bukanlah satu-satunya factor yang mengarahkan pada permulaan diterapkannya perda Syariah. Berdasarkan kajian pada latar belakang politik dan keagamaan dari para Bupati, yang mana terpilih pada pemilihan umum dari tahun 2008-2013 di enam provinsi besar, artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa motif politik tidak bermain sendiri. Latar belakang keagamaan para Bupati dapat menjadi factor penting lainnya yang berkontribusi pada penerapan perda Syariah oleh beberapa pemerintahan daerah di Indonesia.Kata Kunci: perda Syariah, politik, pemerintah daerah, Indonesia

The Difference of a Child (Walad) Concept in Islamic Inheritance Law and its Implications on The Decisions of the Religious Courts in Indonesia Furqan, Ana Amalia; Alfitri, Alfitri; Haries, Akhmad
Mazahib Vol 17, No 2 (2018)
Publisher : IAIN Samarinda

This article is based on the fact that there is still the disparity of decisions among the Religious Court Judges on heirs, especially a child (walad), when handling the inheritance disputes. This is because there is a general provision of the meaning of walad contained in the Indonesian Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI) in which it includes both a son and a daughter. In addition, there is no obligation for Religious Court Judges to use the KHI as the basis for legal considerations, allowing for some Religious Court Judges to use the classical Islamic Jurisprudence (fiqh) as the legal basis in deciding a case. This article aims to investigate the impact of the general concept of walad (a child) and measures should be taken the Government to accommodate the legal reference material for Religious Court Judges, especially the KHI and the classical Islamic Jurisprudence (fiqh). It employs normative legal research which primarily examines the decisions of the Religious Courts in East Kalimantan, specifically Samarinda, Tenggarong and Tanah Grogot. The findings reveal that since there is no obligation for the Judges to use the KHI, referring to the classical Islamic Jurisprudence when giving legal considerations and deciding cases of inheritance is not against the procedural law in Indonesia. Yet, this measure potentially creates the disparity of decisions in the Religious Courts since the fiqh differs in determining who the walad is: merely sons or include both sons and daughters. This has frustrated the objective of the KHI as the codification of Islamic Law in Indonesia which unites the differences of opinions in the fiqh and, thus, assures legal certainty in resolving the disputes. Hence, the government should enact the KHI as a Law in Indonesia in order to end the forum of choice for the Judges in basing their decisions so that the disparity of decisions in the Religious Court minimized and legal certainty assured for the justice seekers.Keywords: Islamic inheritance law, walad, fiqh, religious court's decision AbstrakArtikel ini didasarkan pada kenyataan bahwa masih ada perbedaan keputusan di antara Hakim Pengadilan Agama tentang ahli waris, terutama anak (walad), ketika menangani sengketa warisan. Ini karena ada ketentuan umum tentang makna walad yang terkandung dalam Kompilasi Hukum Islam Indonesia (KHI) di mana itu mencakup anak laki-laki dan perempuan. Selain itu, tidak ada kewajiban bagi Hakim Pengadilan Agama untuk menggunakan KHI sebagai dasar untuk pertimbangan hukum, yang memungkinkan beberapa Hakim Pengadilan Agama untuk menggunakan fiqh sebagai dasar hukum dalam memutuskan suatu kasus. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki dampak dari konsep umum walad (anak) dan langkah-langkah yang harus diambil Pemerintah untuk mengakomodasi bahan referensi hukum bagi para Hakim Pengadilan Agama, khususnya KHI dan fiqh. Artikel ini didasari oleh penelitian hukum normatif yang terutama meneliti keputusan Pengadilan Agama di Kalimantan Timur, khususnya Samarinda, Tenggarong dan Tanah Grogot. Temuan ini mengungkapkan bahwa karena tidak ada kewajiban bagi para Hakim untuk menggunakan KHI, merujuk pada Yurisprudensi Islam klasik ketika memberikan pertimbangan hukum dan memutuskan kasus-kasus warisan tidak bertentangan dengan hukum acara di Indonesia. Namun, langkah ini berpotensi menciptakan disparitas keputusan di Pengadilan Agama karena fiqh berbeda dalam menentukan siapa walad: hanya anak laki-laki atau termasuk anak laki-laki dan perempuan. Kondisi ini telah menggagalkan tujuan KHI sebagai kodifikasi Hukum Islam di Indonesia yang menyatukan perbedaan pendapat dalam fiqh dan, dengan demikian, memastikan kepastian hukum dalam menyelesaikan perselisihan. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah harus memberlakukan KHI sebagai UU di Indonesia untuk mengakhiri forum pilihan bagi para Hakim dalam mendasarkan keputusan mereka sehingga perbedaan keputusan di Pengadilan Agama diminimalkan dan kepastian hukum terjamin bagi para pencari keadilan.Kata Kunci: Hukum Kewarisan Islam, Konsep Walad, Fikih, Putusan pengadilan agama

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