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INDONESIA
Civil Engineering Journal
Published by C.E.J Publishing Group
ISSN : 24763055     EISSN : 24763055     DOI : -
Core Subject : Engineering,
Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture
Civil Engineering Journal is a multidisciplinary, an open-access, internationally double-blind peer -reviewed journal concerned with all aspects of civil engineering, which include but are not necessarily restricted to: Building Materials and Structures, Coastal and Harbor Engineering, Constructions Technology, Constructions Management, Road and Bridge Engineering, Renovation of Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Highway Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydraulic Structures, Structural Engineering, Surveying and Geo-Spatial Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Tunnel Engineering, Urban Engineering and Economy, Water Resources Engineering, Urban Drainage.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 24 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): January" : 24 Documents clear
Numerical Analysis of Lateral and Vertical Deformation of the Embedded Length of Monopile in a Sandy Soil Noori, Fatema S.; Al-Qaisee, Ghusoon S.; Mohsin, Zainab M.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-01-023

Abstract

A monopile is a large-diameter steel cylinder partially inserted into seabeds; thus, it is one of the major selections of offshore wind and tower foundations. This study aimed to investigate the effect of monopile diameter, thickness, and ratio of soil embedded depth to height of water on the lateral and vertical displacements of the embedded part of the pile. In the study, the monopile was subjected to a lateral displacement equivalent to 10% of the pile diameter at the pile head in order to examine the lateral and vertical deformations of the embedded length of the pile. The three-dimensional finite element software PLAXIS 3D was used to simulate the study. The soil layer used consisted of one layer of medium-dense sandy soil. The study involved investigating the location along the embedded depths that exhibit zero lateral and vertical displacements; that location was found to depend on the monopile diameter, wall thickness, and ratio of embedded depth to water height. The depth of zero lateral displacement was found to increase as pile rigidity and wall thickness increase. The study shows that increasing the L/H ratio on the embedded depth of zero lateral displacement, LHzero, diminishes with increasing monopile diameter for the same wall thickness. Also, the variation of lateral displacement along pile length demonstrates a constant trend behavior regardless of pile thicknesses and diameters, but the depth of zero lateral displacement, LHzero, was varied. Furthermore, the monopile diameter effect on the vertical displacement shows that as the monopile diameter increases, the depth of zero vertical displacement decreases. Also, as L/H decreased, the depth of zero vertical displacement declined.
Theoretical Enhancement of Point Resistance in Sandy Soils Using Bio-Inspired Cranial Asperity Ratios Candra, Agata Iwan; Munawir, As'ad; Zaika, Yulvi; Suryo, Eko Andi
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-01-011

Abstract

This study aims to enhance the bearing capacity of pile foundations in sandy soils through a bio-inspired approach by modifying Meyerhof’s empirical equation using a cranial correction factor. The adjustment considers the geometric influence of the asperity length–height ratio (L/H 20, 26.67, and 33.33) applied to different pile diameters. The analysis was carried out theoretically by calculating point resistance (Qp) using the modified equation, followed by validation through ANOVA and the nonparametric Mann–Whitney test. The results indicate that an L/H ratio of 20 provides the most significant improvement in Qp, ranging from 11.7% to 465.8% compared to the conventional Meyerhof model, particularly at lower D/B ratios where stress concentration can be optimally mobilized. Larger ratios such as 26.67 and 33.33 also improve capacity, though less effectively than L/H 20, yet still outperform unmodified foundations. The correction factors obtained, ranging from Cᵣ 1.07 to 5.66, demonstrate the substantial contribution of geometric modification to load transfer efficiency. The novelty of this research lies in integrating anisotropic interface properties into the classical Meyerhof model, thereby bridging the gap between isotropic predictions and anisotropic experimental evidence. Accordingly, the developed theoretical framework not only strengthens the basis for calculating pile bearing capacity but also opens new avenues for bio-inspired foundation design that is more efficient and sustainable.
A Multivariate Analysis of Smartphone Use Behavior Among Motorcyclists at Urban Intersections Surinaud, Ekarin; Tankasem, Phongphan; Leeanansaksiri, Anuchat
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-01-08

Abstract

The increasing use of smartphones while riding motorcycles poses significant safety risks, particularly in urban environments of middle-income countries with high motorcycle usage. Despite growing global concerns, limited research has examined the combined influence of individual, behavioral, and environmental factors on smartphone use among motorcyclists at signalized intersections. This study investigates the determinants of smartphone use behavior—both hand-held and hands-free—among motorcyclists in Khon Kaen City, Thailand. A total of 31,648 riders were observed using video surveillance across eight intersections with varying geometric and land-use characteristics. As part of the methodological approach, binary and multinomial logistic regression models were applied to analyze factors associated with smartphone use. The results show that 7.7% of motorcyclists used smartphones while riding, with 6.2% using hand-held and 1.5% using hands-free modes. Significant predictors included riding alone, being male, not wearing a helmet, riding during nighttime or weekdays, and stopping at red lights. Delivery riders were particularly likely to use smartphones, especially in hands-free mode. These findings highlight the multifaceted nature of distracted riding and suggest the need for comprehensive, context-sensitive policy interventions. The insights gained from this study can inform strategic planning and safety enforcement not only in Thailand but also in other urban areas across middle-income countries where motorcycles remain a dominant mode of transport.
Development of Machine Learning for Debris Flow Event Prediction in a Volcanic Area Ikhsan, Jazaul; Deng, Abraham Ayuen Ngong; Mohd Arif Zainol, M. R. R.; Ibrahim, Muhammad Shazril Idris; Miyata, Shusuke
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-01-02

Abstract

The integration of machine learning (ML) into debris flow prediction in volcanic areas, exemplified by the Gendol River watershed of Mount Merapi, offers transformative potential for hazard mitigation. This study aimed to develop real-time, computationally efficient ML models capable of integrating multi-source data, rainfall intensity of 25 mm/hour linked to 300 cm Debris Flow heights, antecedent precipitation, and geomorphological variables to predict debris flows with actionable lead times. Key objectives included optimizing prediction accuracy, minimizing the false positive rate to 18.2% for "Debris Flow" events, and enhancing model interpretability for deployment in data-scarce volcanic regions. Results demonstrated that ensemble methods and deep learning architecture outperformed traditional models, with Efficient Logistic Regression and Linear SVM achieving an accuracy of 82.35%, and Cosine KNN attaining a prediction speed of 272 observations per second. Critical predictors included temporal rainfall patterns (contributing more than 50% to flow initiation) and ash deposit thickness (with a 70% influence on decision-making). However, challenges persisted: imbalanced datasets of nine training instances for "Debris Flow" events led to misclassification rates of 100% for hybrid events like "Rainfall and Debris Flow," while models like Naive Bayes exhibited instability (accuracy dropping to 50%). Research gaps highlighted data scarcity for high-magnitude events, limited geographic transferability, and the absence of standardized evaluation metrics. Technical limitations included reliance on low-resolution remote sensing data, high computational costs for ensemble models requiring 10 operational cost units, and the opacity of neural networks, which hindered stakeholder trust. Despite these constraints, ML models achieved 85% accuracy in non-event recognition and 76.47% precision in Bagged Trees, offering scalable frameworks for early warning systems. The study highlights the importance of enriched datasets, adaptive algorithms, and interdisciplinary collaboration in transforming volcanic risk management from a reactive approach, ultimately safeguarding vulnerable communities through data-driven, life-saving predictions.
Effect of Cu and SiO₂ on a Remelted-Recycled Piston Alloy Under Vertical Centrifugal Casting Conditions Triyono, Teguh; Surojo, Eko; Prabowo, Aditya Rio; Triyono, Triyono; Djordjevic, Branislav; Carvalho, Hermes; Adie, Prayoga Wira; Sholehuddin, Muhammad Ilham
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-01-020

Abstract

Functionally graded aluminum matrices produced by means of centrifugal casting offer a route to location-specific properties, yet sustainable feedstocks and dual-density reinforcements are less well explored. In this work, we evaluate vertical centrifugal casting (VCC) of a remelted, recycled piston alloy reinforced with silica (SiO₂) and copper (Cu) particulates selected for their contrasting densities relative to the matrix. Castings were produced at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes using a 500 °C preheated mold and an 800 °C pour temperature. Cu was added at 1–4 wt.% and SiO₂ was added at 0–9 wt.%. Bulk density/porosity measurements, Vickers hardness testing, and optical/SEM microstructural analysis were employed to characterize the resulting gradients. The density increased with the radial distance from the rotation axis, accompanied by a monotonic decrease in porosity, consistent with centrifugal separation. Microstructurally, SiO₂ concentrated toward the inner region near the rotation center; in comparison, Cu was enriched at the outer periphery. Correspondingly, hardness exhibited a spatial gradient: SiO₂-reinforced zones were hardest near the inner region, whereas Cu-rich outer zones were hardest at the external rim. These results demonstrate that VCC of a recycled Al–Si feedstock can be used to reliably tailor its microstructure and properties through density-driven particle segregation, enabling controllable, bidirectional functional grading using environmentally friendly starting materials.
Development of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete for Road Pavement Surfaces Enhanced with Complex Additives Karapetyan, Amalia; Arzumanyan, Avetik; Muradyan, Nelli; Grigoryan, Artyom; Egnatosyan, Siranush; Egnatosyan, Naira; Badalyan, Maria
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-01-014

Abstract

This study aims to develop high-performance road pavement concrete capable of withstanding increasing traffic loads while ensuring long service life and reduced maintenance needs. The research focuses on enhancing the mechanical characteristics of fine-grained concrete used in the outer pavement layer through the incorporation of complex additives and dispersed reinforcement. The methodology involved modifying the concrete matrix using the superplasticizer Melflux 5581F, microsilica MK-85, and varying percentages of basalt fibers introduced through different preparation techniques. Mechanical testing, including compressive and flexural strength evaluations, was performed on 40×40×160 mm specimens cured under standard conditions and tested at 7 and 28 days. The analysis showed that Melflux 5581F significantly enhanced strength without increasing cement content, while MK-85 further improved compressive and flexural strengths by up to 50.59% and 46.28%, respectively. The addition of basalt fibers increased flexural strength, with optimal formulations achieving 89.49 MPa in compressive strength and 11.14 MPa in flexural strength. These findings demonstrate that the combined use of chemical, mineral, and fiber additives, together with appropriate technological approaches, substantially improves the performance of road concrete. The proposed modified concrete exhibits enhanced durability, offering a promising solution for extending pavement service life and reducing repair frequency.
Drying Shrinkage of Cement Stone with Superplasticizers of Various Chemical Bases Phan, Ta Van; Nesvetaev, G. V.; Koryanova, Yu. I.; Shut, V. V.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-01-01

Abstract

The crack resistance of reinforced concrete structures also depends on concrete shrinkage. Therefore, assessing the influence of mix design factors and operating conditions on concrete shrinkage is essential to determine the relationships between shrinkage magnitude and kinetics and variables such as ambient humidity, cement properties, and admixture characteristics. These relationships are important for calculating shrinkage crack resistance and, consequently, the durability of reinforced concrete structures. The widespread use of superplasticizers and other mineral additives in concreting, including new complex modifiers, highlights the need to clarify known relationships and identify new dependencies involving the material and mineralogical composition of cements, the properties of admixtures, concrete mix formulation, and environmental humidity on both the magnitude and kinetics of shrinkage deformations. The purpose of this study is to identify patterns in the development of shrinkage deformations of cement paste depending on the type of cement and superplasticizer, including the influence of dehydration degree, and to propose equations that can be used to calculate the shrinkage crack resistance of reinforced concrete structures. The study includes an analysis of established approaches for evaluating changes in drying shrinkage of cement paste as ambient humidity varies. Experimental investigations were conducted on the drying shrinkage of cement paste as a function of evaporable water content and the chemical basis of superplasticizers. The influence of superplasticizers on both the kinetics and magnitude of the basic shrinkage of cement paste is demonstrated, considering evaporable water content under standard conditions as well as after drying to constant mass at 105 °C. The effect of relative air humidity on the basic shrinkage of cement stone has also been clarified. Furthermore, an equation describing the kinetics of shrinkage of cement pastes and a classification of cements based on shrinkage kinetics are proposed. Finally, the dependence of shrinkage for the studied cements with different superplasticizers on relative air humidity is established.
Comparison Between the Calcium-Based Stabilizer and Non-Organic Agents on the Stabilization of Contaminated Soil Fendi, Yaqeen M.; Saeed, Khitam A.; Sachit, Dawood E.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-01-016

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the properties of nickel- and copper-contaminated soil and to determine the potential use of calcium stabilizers and inorganic agents as soil improvement methods. The soil was classified as loamy sand (SM) with a low plasticity index (PI = 4%), medium permeability, and high silica content (>33%). X-ray fluorescence (XRF) testing revealed nickel oxide concentrations of 1.5% and copper oxide concentrations of 2.5% in the soil. Nickel and copper contamination based on added nitrate salts was estimated at 1,500 ppm and 2,500 ppm, respectively. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) results showed that quartz and kaolinite were the most abundant, and the contaminants were likely present in an amorphous or surface-adsorbed manner. Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) results indicated a significant improvement in compressive strength: from 96 kPa (2% cement, 7 days) to over 12,445 kPa (7% cement, 28 days). The 20% fly ash yielded a strength of 934.5 kPa after 28 days, due to natural pozzolanic reaction and mineral adsorption. Overall, strength improved, and stability was achieved with increased curing time. These results demonstrate that cement and fly ash improved both the mechanical properties and environmental performance of sandy soils contaminated with heavy metals. However, the accelerated strength improvement for cement was significantly greater (over 12,445 kPa) than for fly ash (934.5 kPa, with 20% fly ash) after 28 days of curing. This result suggests that cement-based materials have superior load-bearing performance in applications, but fly ash may be less effective and potentially more environmentally friendly.
Evaluation of Fresh Properties of Cement Pastes: Part II-Modelling via Central Composite Design Maia, Lino
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-01-03

Abstract

This study investigates how variations in constituent materials affect the fresh properties of cement-based pastes using a statistically driven experimental approach. A Central Composite Design (CCD) was implemented to examine the influence of three key input parameters: water-to-cement ratio (w/c), superplasticizer-to-powder ratio (Sp/p), and water-to-powder ratio (w/p). Fifteen mix compositions were produced and tested using the mini-slump test and Marsh funnel flow time, both immediately after mixing and after 60 minutes. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied to develop predictive models for each property. The results showed that the water-to-powder ratio was the most influential factor on workability, followed by the superplasticizer-to-powder ratio. The statistical models successfully captured main, interaction, and quadratic effects, enabling accurate prediction of flow and time measurements. These models were further used to optimize mix compositions according to targeted fresh-state performance. Compared with conventional one-variable-at-a-time approaches, the CCD method substantially reduces the number of tests required while providing deeper analytical insights. The proposed methodology improves the understanding of complex interactions among mix parameters and supports the efficient design of cement-based materials for performance-critical applications.
Flood Simulation Utilizing HEC-HMS and HEC-RAS Yousif, Yasameen T.; Hamdan, Ahmed N. A.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-01-013

Abstract

The substantial amount of rainfall leading to runoff in floodplain regions poses hazards to residents within these areas and surrounding zones; consequently, flood simulation is crucial for precise risk evaluation and the formulation of water utilization strategies. In this research, hydraulic and hydrological models, supported by Geographic Information Systems (GIS), were employed to simulate rainfall-runoff mechanisms in Wasit Governorate, central Iraq. A resolution of 30 m Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was supplied by the USGS, geospatially processed, and then imported into the Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) at the Hydrologic Engineering Center. The runoff within the research area was estimated using the SCS-CN approach. In order to find the Curve Numbers (CN), a number of datasets were combined, including those pertaining to land use, land cover (LULC), and soil types. The HEC-HMS system was fed CN values obtained from GIS, which varied between 73.95 and 97.61. During the incident in November 2015, the Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) was utilized to simulate floods using the runoff data resulting from HEC-HMS. Inundation maps were produced using RAS-Mapper within HEC-RAS, depicting flood depth and velocity through the study area. The flood model underwent calibration through comparison of the simulation results with satellite imagery for November 14, 2015. Using CSI, the hydrological factors Ia, Muskingum K, and X, and impervious % were adjusted using sensitivity analysis to achieve the greatest convergence between the model and satellite image. The result of CSI was 88.56%, (HR) was 96.31%, and (FAR) was 8.33%. The validation has been done for the calibrated parameters, and the results were compared with satellite imagery for April 3, 2019. The high level of concordance allowed for the final inundation map to be approved. The importance of measuring runoff for managing water resources effectively and reducing flood risks is highlighted by this study.

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