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INDONESIA
Civil Engineering Journal
Published by C.E.J Publishing Group
ISSN : 24763055     EISSN : 24763055     DOI : -
Core Subject : Engineering,
Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture
Civil Engineering Journal is a multidisciplinary, an open-access, internationally double-blind peer -reviewed journal concerned with all aspects of civil engineering, which include but are not necessarily restricted to: Building Materials and Structures, Coastal and Harbor Engineering, Constructions Technology, Constructions Management, Road and Bridge Engineering, Renovation of Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Highway Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydraulic Structures, Structural Engineering, Surveying and Geo-Spatial Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Tunnel Engineering, Urban Engineering and Economy, Water Resources Engineering, Urban Drainage.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 23 Documents
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Search results for , issue "vol. 12 no. 9 (2026): september" : 23 Documents clear
Household Electrical and Electronic Equipment Stock and E-Waste Management Practices Nguyen Hong Thao Ly; Tran Thi Kim Hong; Nguyen Thanh Giao
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 9 (2026): September
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-09-021

Abstract

The rapid consumption of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) in developing regions necessitates reliable data on accumulated stock and disposal behaviors to inform waste management strategies. This study evaluates EEE usage patterns, estimates household stock, and characterizes e-waste management practices in Can Tho, Vietnam. A stratified random survey involving 900 households across nine districts was conducted over a one-year period. The results reveal a total estimated household EEE stock of 11.77 million units. The order of EEE groups by usage prevalence is: Lamps > Small equipment > Small IT and telecommunication equipment > Large equipment > Temperature exchange equipment > Screens and monitors. The inventory is dominated by high-turnover items, specifically LED lights (2.26 million units), electric fans (1.41 million units), and smartphones (1.08 million units). While overall device quantities showed no statistically significant difference between urban and rural areas, urban households demonstrated higher ownership of small IT and temperature exchange equipment. End-of-life management is highly dependent on the informal sector, with 31.16% of discarded EEE sold to peddlers and 24.43% co-disposed with municipal solid waste. This reliance on informal channels indicates significant gaps in municipal collection infrastructure and specific regulatory frameworks. The baseline metrics established in this research provide empirical data to forecast future e-waste quantities and support the development of localized, formal collection networks.
COMCOT-Based Tsunami Hazard Assessment for Coastal Run-Up and Inundation Mapping Hasdinar Umar; Muhammad Akbar; Achmad Yasir Baeda; Chairul Paotonan; Fuad Mahfud Assidiq; Andi Mega Mustika; Benazir; Pakhrur Razi
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 9 (2026): September
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-09-011

Abstract

This study aims to simulate tsunami wave propagation and estimate the spatial distribution of run-up and inundation generated by the 2005 Nias–Simeulue megathrust earthquake. The analysis was conducted using the COMCOT (Cornell Multi-grid Coupled Tsunami Model), integrating high-resolution bathymetric data from BATNAS and topographic data from DEMNAS. The earthquake source was parameterized with a moment magnitude (Mw) of 8.6, a rupture length of approximately 300 km, and an average vertical slip of 4.5 m. The simulation results reveal that the maximum sea surface elevation exceeded 5 m near the source region, particularly southwest of Nias Island. Tsunami waves propagated radially with amplitudes strongly controlled by seabed configuration and coastal morphology. Wave heights reached approximately 5.6 m in Nias and 4.7 m in Simeulue, with inundation distances extending 200–250 m inland. Tide gauge analysis indicates that the first wave arrived within 10 minutes of the earthquake, followed by multiple significant waves. The novelty of this study lies in the integration of high-resolution national datasets with COMCOT to enhance the accuracy of tsunami hazard estimation, providing improved predictive capability for coastal risk assessment and supporting more effective mitigation and early warning strategies in tsunami-prone regions.
Breakwater Layout Optimization for Controlling Seasonal Wave-Induced Sediment Deposition in a Semi-Enclosed Port Eldina Fatimah; Amir Fauzi; Nailul Authar; Nina Shaskia
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 9 (2026): September
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-09-022

Abstract

The objective of this study is to evaluate how seasonal wave forcing and alternative breakwater layouts control sediment deposition in a semi-enclosed monsoonal port. The analysis was conducted using a coupled Delft3D hydrodynamic, wave, and morphodynamic modeling framework for Ulee Lheue Harbor, Banda Aceh, supported by measured tides, ADCP current profiles, bathymetry, wind records, and non-cohesive sediment characteristics. Four structural scenarios were examined under dominant northwest, north, and northeast monsoonal wave conditions: the existing layout, a 100 m eastern extension, a 250 m western extension, and a combined extension. The findings show that the baseline condition produced the largest annual-equivalent deposition volume of 51,215.13 m³/year, confirming that the present entrance geometry traps wave-driven sediment. The eastern extension reduced deposition to 37,321.11 m³/year while maintaining comparatively stable circulation, whereas the western extension mainly redistributed sediment, producing 47,200.58 m³/year of accretion. The combined extension resulted in the lowest deposition, 33,200.52 m³/year, but generated concentrated entrance scouring. The novelty and improvement of this study lie in demonstrating that a moderate, directionally aligned extension can provide a more practical sediment-management solution than a maximum-deposition-reduction layout when navigation safety, scour risk, and constructability are jointly considered.
Displacement Behavior of Geofoam Reinforced by Helical Anchors in Peat Soil Under Uplift Force Reki Arbianto; Yusep Muslih Purwana; Bambang Setiawan; Galuh Chrismaningwang
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 9 (2026): September
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-09-014

Abstract

This study assesses and compares the performance of single-helix and double-helix anchors in reinforcing geofoam embankments against uplift loads in sapric peat. Uplift instability is an important geotechnical concern for lightweight embankments constructed in peatland areas, particularly under groundwater fluctuations. The study combined laboratory-scale pull-out tests conducted in a cylindrical tank 58 cm in diameter and 98 cm in height with three-dimensional finite element analysis using PLAXIS 3D. The experimental program evaluated anchor load–displacement behavior, while the numerical analysis was used to examine displacement patterns and stress distributions around the anchor systems. Peat properties were determined using standard laboratory tests, and the geofoam material was specified in accordance with ASTM D6817. The double-helix configuration achieved a peak pull-out capacity of 1.45 kN, which was 31.8% higher than the 1.10 kN capacity of the single-helix configuration, and reached peak resistance at a 22.2% lower displacement. At the design uplift load of 7.5 kN, the double-helix system reduced geofoam displacement by approximately 51% compared with the single-helix system. Both configurations exhibited highly linear load–displacement relationships within the investigated design-load range. The numerical model reproduced the peak pull-out capacities and relative performance trends of the two anchor configurations, although it underestimated the displacement at peak resistance, particularly for the double-helix anchor. The novelty of this study lies in the systematic integration of laboratory pull-out testing and three-dimensional numerical analysis to evaluate geofoam reinforcement using helical anchors in sapric peat. The results indicate that the double-helix configuration provides more effective displacement control under the investigated uplift loading conditions and may support the design of lightweight embankments in peatland environments.
Assessing the Likelihood of Internal Instability in Well-Graded Sand Used as Embankment Dam Filters Rio A. M. Putra; Ahmad Rifa'i; Hary C. Hardiyatmo
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 9 (2026): September
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-09-02

Abstract

Internal instability in granular filter materials can lead to suffusion, a critical mechanism contributing to embankment dam failure, yet its assessment is often secondary to conventional filter design. Variations in filter band limits among design standards may affect the likelihood of instability. This study evaluates the internal stability of well-graded sand used as granular filters and designed according to three standards: The United States Bureau of Reclamation standard; the Natural Resources Conservation Service standard; and the Indonesian National Standard. Three grain geometry analysis methods were employed to assess internal instability within the filter band limits specified by each standard: the Kenney–Lau, Kézdi, and Sherard methods. A well-graded, internally unstable filter was successfully developed within the filter band limits of the Natural Resources Conservation Service standard and the Indonesian National Standard. In contrast, the filter band limits of the United States Bureau of Reclamation standard did not allow the development of an unstable filter, indicating stronger control over internal instability. These results confirm the applicability of the Kenney–Lau method as a practical and conservative framework for assessing internal stability in well-graded soils. These findings also support the adoption of more restrictive filter band limits, since higher maximum-to-minimum grain size ratios increase the likelihood of instability.
Probabilistic CPT-Based Liquefaction Hazard Assessment Using Monte Carlo Simulation Muhamad Yusa; Ilham Wirmansyah; Muhammad Kusairi; Soewignyo Agus Nugroho
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 9 (2026): September
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-09-05

Abstract

The common liquefaction assessment used in Indonesian practice does not include uncertainty in soil and earthquake parameters. This study aims to quantify liquefaction hazard risk in Indonesia by integrating the Idriss-Boulanger method with Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) to account for uncertainties. Two distinct case studies in Indonesia were analyzed: an evaluation of the 2009 Padang earthquake and a prediction for the Universitas Riau campus development. Methods involved modeling stochastic variables, including cone resistance, sleeve friction, groundwater level, total vertical soil stress, earthquake moment magnitude, and peak ground acceleration, to calculate the probability of liquefaction (PL) across various iterations. Findings reveal that at the evaluation site, 74% of tested depths showed PL exceeding 65%, indicating a significant probability. This finding aligns with field-observed sand boils and settlement. In contrast, the prediction site showed predominantly PL between 15% and 35%; thus, costly ground improvement is unnecessary. This research found that cone resistance had the most significant influence on PL. Utilizing six stochastic variables, the minimum required number of iterations is 600,000. This research improves upon the traditional deterministic method widely used in Indonesian practice by providing a more reliable, non-conservative quantitative framework to decide whether ground improvement, as liquefaction mitigation, is required.
Valorization of Rice Husk–Derived Lignin as Bio-Admixture in Sustainable Mortar Remigildus Cornelis; Syahrul R. Hasan; Elia Hunggurami; Debora Lau; Alvin A. Bara; Henricus Priyosulistyo
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 9 (2026): September
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-09-08

Abstract

Rice husk-derived lignin (RHL) is a promising bio-admixture capable of supporting sustainable mortar production while improving agricultural waste use. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the influence of non-sulfonated RHL on mortar workability, setting behavior, compressive strength, crack pattern, and microstructural characteristics at different dosage levels. RHL was extracted from rice husk through alkaline-acid precipitation without combustion treatment and incorporated into mortar mixtures at dosages of 0–0.5% by cement weight. Setting time, mortar flow, compressive strength, and crack behavior were evaluated at curing ages of 7, 14, and 28 days, supported by SEM–EDX, XRD, and FTIR analyses. The results showed that low to moderate RHL dosages improved mortar flow, accelerated setting behavior, and increased compressive strength. The optimum dosage of approximately 0.3% produced the highest 28-day compressive strength of 48.64 MPa, corresponding to an increase of about 15.8% compared with normal mortar. Crack pattern observations showed less severe surface fragmentation and more localized cracking in lignin-modified mortar. SEM–EDX, XRD, and FTIR analyses also suggested improved matrix compactness and more homogeneous hydration product development at the optimum dosage. However, excessive RHL incorporation reduced compressive strength despite continued improvements in flowability. These results showed that RHL could function effectively as a non-sulfonated bio-based mortar admixture without requiring combustion-based processing.
Microstructural and Geotechnical Evaluation of Cement-Stabilized Crude Oil-Contaminated Silty Clay Haqi H. Abbood; Mohammed K. Hatem; Hasan Ali Abbas; Nabil Al-Hakeem; Solomon Rubay; Mohammed Ali Hussein; Albert Prokopov
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 9 (2026): September
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-09-015

Abstract

This study assessed the performance of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in stabilizing crude oil-contaminated silty clay soil with special focus on the improvement of the geotechnical and microstructural properties. Geotechnical tests were conducted on soil samples contaminated with crude oil at concentrations up to 20% and stabilized with cement contents from 6% to 10%. The geotechnical properties investigated were void ratio, compressibility, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS). Furthermore, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the microstructure changes in the soil. The results indicated that crude oil increased the initial void ratio and compression index by 18.3% and 47.6%, respectively, and decreased the CBR by 43.1% and soil cohesion by 40%, mainly due to the lubricating effect of oil on soil particles. The addition of OPC as a stabilizing binder promoted pozzolanic reactions, which resulted in an 11–24% reduction in void ratio under an applied stress of 710 kN/m2 and a 7.7–21.5-fold increase in UCS compared with the untreated contaminated soil. SEM analysis of the soil with 10% cement showed the formation of continuous C–S–H matrices around the oil droplets, and hydraulic conductivity was decreased by about 1.5 times. The results showed that the application of OPC can significantly improve the mechanical stability and microstructure of oil-contaminated silty clay, and therefore confirm the feasibility of using it as a soil stabilizer for environmental rehabilitation.
PIML Model to Predict the Behavior of Axially Loaded Large Piles During Conceptual Design Stage Ahmed M. Ebid; Kennedy C. Onyelowe; Laila A. Elkadi; Karim Sherif Mostafa; Norbaya Sidek; Mohamed A. Hafez
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 9 (2026): September
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-09-013

Abstract

The reliable prediction of axial load-settlement behavior of large-diameter drilled shafts during the conceptual design stage remains a challenging task in geotechnical engineering, primarily due to the limited availability of detailed site-specific parameters. This study introduces a novel application of physics-informed machine learning (PIML) techniques to estimate the hyperbolic coefficients (a & b) governing the load-settlement response of drilled shafts under axial compression, utilizing only basic soil classification data and pile dimensions as inputs. The primary objective is to develop robust, yet practically parsimonious, predictive models suitable for early-stage project design, thereby reducing dependency on extensive and costly site investigations. To achieve this, three machine learning algorithms—evolutionary polynomial regression (EPR), artificial neural networks (ANN), and genetic programming (GP)—were implemented and rigorously trained and validated using a database of 82 vertical pile load tests derived from the Cairo monorail project. A conventional linear regression (LNR) model was employed as a benchmark for comparative performance evaluation. The results demonstrate that the EPR and ANN models substantially outperform both GP and LNR approaches, achieving prediction accuracies of up to 93% and 85% for coefficients (a & b), respectively. Notably, the EPR model exhibited excellent performance with an R² of 0.975 and RMSE of 1.15 for coefficient (a), while the ANN model achieved an R² of 0.915 and RMSE of 0.7 for coefficient (b), underscoring the efficacy of PIML in capturing complex load-transfer mechanisms from minimal input data.
Investigation of Reinforced Concrete Slabs Strengthened with Shear-Connected Mesh Jacketing Omar Magdy; Januarti J. Ekaputri; Mahmoud Hegazy; Ahmed Youssef
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 9 (2026): September
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-09-020

Abstract

This study investigates the effectiveness of an integrated repair technique for corroded reinforced concrete (RC) slabs using mechanical surface preparation, steel dowels, supplementary reinforcement mesh, and shotcrete jacketing. Six standard-scale RC slab specimens were tested under static two-point loading: one uncorroded control slab (S01); two corroded unrepaired slabs with steel mass losses of 10.6% (S03) and 16.2% (S02); two repaired slabs at the same corrosion levels (S06 and S05); and one uncorroded slab strengthened with compression-zone jacketing (S04). The results showed that corrosion reduced the peak load by about 14% and resulted in losses in stiffness and ductility. In contrast, the proposed repair technique not only restored the original capacity but also increased the peak load by 71–75% compared with the control slab. Although the repaired specimens exhibited higher initial stiffness, they reached their maximum load at smaller deflections, indicating reduced ductility. Compression-zone strengthening improved the peak load by 30% and enhanced post-peak behavior. No interface debonding was observed, demonstrating effective composite action, and confirming the suitability of the proposed system for rehabilitating corrosion-damaged RC slabs.

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