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Indonesian Journal of Chemistry

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Published by Universitas Gadjah Mada

ISSN : 14119420 EISSN : 24601578 DOI : -

Core Subject : Science, Engineering,

Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry

Indonesian Journal of Chemistry is an International, peer-reviewed, open access journal that publishes original research articles, review articles, as well as short communication in all areas of chemistry including applied chemistry. The journal is accredited by The Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education (RISTEKDIKTI) No : 21/E/KPT/2018 (in First Rank) and indexed in Scopus since 2012. Since 2018 (Volume 18), Indonesian Journal of Chemistry publish four issues (numbers) annually (February, May, August and November).

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Articles 25 Documents

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Search results for , issue "Vol 9, No 1 (2009)" : 25 Documents clear

THE ISOMERIZATION AND OXIDATION OF CAROTENOID COMPOUNDS IN THE OIL PALM FRUIT DURING PRODUCTIONS OF CPO Reni Subawati Kusumaningtyas; Leenawaty Limantara
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 9, No 1 (2009)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Isomerization and oxidation have been known as the major factors of the degradation of carotenoid compounds. Results showed that the isomerization of the carotenoid in the oil palm fruit, during the sterilization process, promotes the decrease of the concentration of trans a- and trans b-carotene approximately 21and 8%. The decrements have continued on the fruit digestion, pressing, and clarification processes. The isomerization is also indicated by the decreasing of the main peak spectra absorption intensity of a- and b-carotene about ±10,4%. The spectra showed hypsocromic shift by ±3 nm. On the other hand, the oxidation of carotenoid has occurred in all steps of crude palm oil (CPO) production. The oxidation of a-carotene has caused the increasing amount of lutein: 49% of fruit after sterilization proces (BSt), 57% of crude oil after pressing (MSK), 17% of oil expurifier (MPF), and 5% of CPO product. The oxidation of b-carotene will increase the amount of zeaxantin: 53% of fruit after sterilization proces (BSt), 9% of crude oil after pressing (MSK), and 4% of oil expurifier (MPF).

HIGH PERFORMANCE THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF CAFFEIC ACID AND ROSMARINIC ACID FROM THE LEAVES OF Orthosiphon stamineus M. Amzad Hossain; Zhari Ismail
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 9, No 1 (2009)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

This paper presents the studies performed on extraction of Orthosiphon stamineus, Benth by using different solvent for the identification and quantification of the caffeic acid derivatives such as caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid which confers to the leaves of this plant with remarkable pharmaceutical properties. High performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) allows the identification and the quantification of more than 20 samples in the same chromatographic run. The analysis of the samples requires 15-30 min compared with more than 2 h using a typical HPLC method. Using the techniques of the HPTLC and the UV-VIS spectra we have found that the extraction of this herb plant contain, the caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid ranging between 0.029% up to 0.506% and up to 0.24% to 2.24% respectively.

SYNTHESIS OF 4-ALLYL-2-METHOXY-6-AMINOPHENOL FROM NATURAL EUGENOL I Made Sudarma; Maria Ulfa; Sarkono Sarkono
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 9, No 1 (2009)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

The aim of this preliminary research was to synthesize derivatives of eugenol such as 4-allyl-2-methoxy-6-nitrophenol (2) and 4-allyl-2-methoxy-6-aminophenol (3). The result could be used as a reference on the transformation of eugenol to its derivatives. Theoriticaly nitration of eugenol (1) by nitric acid could produced 4-allyl-2-methoxy-6-nitrophenol (2) and followed by reduction could achieved 4-allyl-2-mehtoxy-6-aminophenol (3). The formation of this product was analyzed by analytical thin layer chromatography (TLC) and GC-MS. These analysis showed the formation of product (2) and (3) were visible. TLC showed product (1) less polar than eugenol and gave orange colour, and supported by GC-MS which showed molecular ion at m/z 209 due to the presence of -NO2 by replacing one H at 6 position of eugenol. Product (3) was afforded by reduction of (2) with Sn/HCl and tlc analysis showed compound (3) more polar than eugenol (1) and (2) and supported by GC-MS which showed molecular ion at m/z 179 due to the presence of -NH2.

CONTROLLING FACTOR IN ALUMINA PILLARED SAPONITE AND ALUMINA PILLARED MONTMORILLONITE SYNTHESIS Is Fatimah; Narsito Narsito; Karna Wijaya
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 9, No 1 (2009)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

The effect of synthesis parameters to the physical properties of pillared saponite and pillared montmorillonite was examined. Mol ratio of Al to clay mass in the range 1.0 - 5.0 and two different calcination methods; conventional calcination and microwave irradiation method are evaluated as controlling factors to evolution of basal spacing d001 , surface acidity, specific surface area, pore distribution and catalytic activity in phenol hydroxylation reaction. XRD, FTIR, and N2-adsorption/desorption analysis were used to characterize the materials. Results showed that pillarization produced higher basal spacing d001 and surface acidity and crystalinity of materials in all Al/clay ratio and in both of the calcination methods. In general, Al to clay mass ratio and calcination method remarkably influence to the basal spacing d001, surface acidity and material crystallinity, but the effect of these factors to catalyst activity in phenol hydroxylation depends on nature of clay. It is concluded that the activity as catalyst is affected by the presence of ionic species and surface acidity in the minerals.

CHITINASE AND CHITINOLYTIC MICROORGANISM : ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND POTENTIAL Nuniek Herdyastuti; Tri Joko Raharjo; Mudasir Mudasir; Sabirin Matsjeh
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 9, No 1 (2009)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Chitinase is enzyme that hydrolyzes chitin, a polimer of b-1,4-N-Acetilglucosamine which is the most abundant natural resource after cellulose. Chitinolytic microorganism can be found in environment like soil and water that contain chitin, or in extreme environment which is known as thermofilic microorganism. Chitinolytic microorganism is identified by recognizing the morphological and physiological properties based on Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. The sequence data of the 16S rRNA genes is determinated in the GeneBank nucleotide sequence database. Chitinase activity can be qualitatively determined from the clearance zone around the colony formed in agar medium containing colloidal chitin. Chitinase can be utilized as biocontrol agent and derivate chitin as the result of chitinase degradation which can be used in the fieltd of health, food, industry and waste management

COORDINATION STATE AND AGGREGATION PROCESS OF BACTERIOCHLOROPHYLL A AND ITS DERIVATIVES : STUDY ON ACETONE-WATER AND METHANOL-WATER SOLVENTS Heriyanto Heriyanto; Suryasatriya Trihandaru; Leenawaty Limantara
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 9, No 1 (2009)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Research on bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) a and its derivatives had been conducted to determine the coordination state and the aggregation process in acetone-water and methanol-water. The results showed that there were mainly two absorption peaks in BChl a and its derivatives, namely: Qx and Qy that were very sensitive to coordination state and aggregation process. The coordination state of pigment could be determined based on Qx absorption peak that was influenced by solvents. In addition, the donor number (DN) and taft parameters (β and π*) from each sovents could also be used to determine the coordination state. One or two of axial coordination toward center metal of BChl a and its derivatives have to be filled by donor electron as a foreign nucleophile. Mg-BChl was exist as five-coordinate complexes in acetone but as six-coordinate complexes in methanol. Five-coordinate complexes of Zn-BChl was occurred either in acetone or methanol. Cu-BChl was exist as four-coordinate complexes in acetone but altered to five-coordinate complexes in methanol. The agregation process was influenced by the existence of water added in pigment solution. The order of Mg-BChl a and its derivatives abilities to form new aggregate in acetone-water and methanol-water, in regard of water-addition percentage was as follow: Cu-BChl > Zn-BChl > Mg-BChl. Methanol was the solvent that could form aggregate of Mg-BChl and its derivatives at lower water-addition percentage compared to acetone.

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND SPEED OF STIRRER TO BIODIESEL CONVERSION FROM COCONUT OIL WITH THE USE OF PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCHES AS A HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST Luthfi Pratama; Yoeswono Yoeswono; Triyono Triyono; Iqmal Tahir
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 9, No 1 (2009)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Biodiesel synthesis by transesterification reaction of coconut oil with methanol by using ash of palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) as base catalyst has been conducted. Sample of ash was prepared through heating, screening, reashing, and finally determining of potassium content. Sample of coconut oil was analyzed by GC-MS. A certain amount of ash was extracted in methanol with mixing for about 1 h at room temperature and a result was used for reaction of transesterification. The studied variables were effect of temperature and speed of stirrer. The composition of the methyl esters (biodiesel) was analyzed using GC-MS and 1H NMR, whereas characters of biodiesel were analyzed using ASTM methods. The results showed that potassium content in ash of EFB could be extracted by methanol and it could be used as base catalyst in the biodiesel synthesis. The value increasing of both variables enhanced the biodiesel conversion. The properties of biodiesel were relatively conformed to specification of biodiesel.

BENZOPHENONE GLUCOSIDE ISOLATED FROM THE ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACT OF THE BARK OF MAHKOTA DEWA [Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl.] AND ITS INHIBITORY ACTIVITY ON LEUKEMIA L1210 CELL LINE Hendig Winarno; Ermin Katrin W
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 9, No 1 (2009)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Isolation and elucidation of benzophenone glucoside from ethyl acetate extract of Phaleria macrocarpa bark and its inhibitory activity test against leukemia L1210 cell line have been done. The Phaleria macrocarpa bark were macerated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol, respectively. The ethyl acetate extract was then chromatographed on silica gel column and gradiently eluted by n-hexane - ethyl acetate - ethanol with the composition from 20:1:0 until 0:0:1, gave eight fractions. Separation of fraction 6 using semipreparative HPLC on reverse phase column (Capcell Pak C-18 SG120, 15 mm I.D. x 250 mm) using methanol - water (40:60, 5 mL/min) gave a brown powder, with the melting point of 182.3 ºC. Spectroscopic analysis and comparison of its physico-chemical data, this compound was clarified as 2,4'-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-benzophenone-6-O-b-D-glucopyranoside (3). Inhibitory activity of its compound against leukemia L1210 cell line showed that this compound exhibited inhibitory activity with IC50 was 5.1mg/mL.

SYNTHESIS OF MENTHOL FROM PULEGOL CATALYZED BY Ni/γ-Al2O3 Jamaludin Al Anshori; Muchalal Muchalal; Sutarno Sutarno
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 9, No 1 (2009)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Synthesis of menthol using Ni/γ-Al2O3 15% has been carried out started from pulegol as precursor. Structure elucidation of the products was achieved by GC-FID, GC-MS, FTIR, and 1H-NMR evidences. Isomers identification and their stability were determined by computational simulation. All experimental results were compared to the available literature. Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalyst was prepared by wet impregnation with precursor of Ni(NO3)2, followed by calcinations and reduction respectively. Characterization of the catalyst was performed by XRD and AAS. Synthesis was started by mixing pulegols with catalyst and then swirled it with hydrogen gas. Reaction temperature and duration were varied in order to obtain high yield with good selectivity. The results showed that the optimum condition of Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalytic hydrogenation of pulegol was achieved at 180 °C for 8 hours. The conversion of pulegol to menthol was 89% with stereo selectivity of 71% to (-)-menthol.

TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINATION OF SURFACE FRACTAL DIMENSION AND MORPHOLOGY OF MESOPOROUS TITANIA USING DYNAMIC FLOW ADSORPTION AND ITS CHARACTERIZATION Silvester Tursiloadi
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 9, No 1 (2009)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

A technique to determine the surface fractal dimension of mesoporous TiO2 using a dynamic flow adsorption instrument is described. Fractal dimension is an additional technique to characterize surface morphology. Surface fractal dimension, a quantitative measurement of surface ruggedness, can be determined by adsorbing a homologous series of adsorbates onto an adsorbent sample of mesoporous TiO2. Titania wet gel prepared by hydrolysis of Ti-alkoxide was immersed in the flow of supercritical CO2 at 60 °C and the solvent was extracted. Mesoporous TiO2 consists of anatase nano-particles, about 5nm in diameter, have been obtained. After calcination at 600 °C, the average pore size of the extracted gel, about 20nm in diameter, and the pore volume, about 0.35cm3g-1, and the specific surface area, about 58 m2g-1. Using the N2 adsorption isotherm, the surface fractal dimension, DS, has been estimated according to the Frenkel-Halsey-Hill (FHH) theory. The N2 adsorption isotherm for the as-extracted aerogel indicates the mesoporous structure. Two linear regions are found for the FHH plot of the as-extracted aerogel. The estimated surface fractal dimensions are about 2.49 and 2.68. Both of the DS values indicate rather complex surface morphology. The TEM observation shows that there are amorphous and crystalline particles. Two values of DS may be attributed to these two kinds of particles. The two regions are in near length scales, and the smaller DS, DS =2.49, for the smaller region. This result indicates that there are two kinds of particles, probably amorphous and anatase particles as shown by the TEM observation.

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