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Reaktor
Published by Universitas Diponegoro
ISSN : 08520798     EISSN : 24075973     DOI : https://doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.xx.x.xx-xx
Core Subject : Science, Engineering,
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Control & Systems Engineering Energy Materials Science & Nanotechnology
Reaktor invites contributions of original and novel fundamental research. Reaktor publishes scientific study/ research papers, industrial problem solving related to Chemical Engineering field as well as review papers. The journal presents paper dealing with the topic related to Chemical Engineering including: Transport Phenomena and Chemical Engineering Operating Unit Chemical Reaction Technique, Chemical Kinetics, and Catalysis Designing, Modeling, and Process Optimization Energy and Conversion Technology Thermodynamics Process System Engineering and products Particulate and emulsion technologies Membrane Technology Material Development Food Technology and Bioprocess Waste Treatment Technology
Arjuna Subject : Teknik (semua kategori) - Teknik (Lain-Lain)
Articles 12 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Volume 14, Nomor 2, Oktober 2012" : 12 Documents clear
SINTESA GULA DARI SAMPAH ORGANIK DENGAN PROSES HIDROLISIS MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS ASAM Deddy Irawan; Zainal Arifin
Reaktor Volume 14, Nomor 2, Oktober 2012
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (191.589 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.14.2.118-122

Abstract

SYNTHESIS OF SUGAR FROM ORGANIC WASTES VIA ACID CATALYSTHYDROLYSIS. Hydrolysis process is an important step from every process to produce biofuel withorganic wastes as raw material. Hydrolysis process with chemical uses hydrochloride acid as catalystin which will transform holocellulose to glucose. Raw material of 100 grams is put into hydrolysisreactor with batch system equipped with pressure control and ratio hydrochloride of 1 : 6 w/v. Thevariables studied were temperature of 110-140oC, HCl concentration of 0.5-1%, time of hydrolysis of15-60 minutes. The sugar concentration was taken and then be analyzed by Nelson-Somogy method.The hydrolysis, which was carried out with the temperature of 120oC, time of 30 minutes, HClconcentration of 0.75%, and the pressure of 6 bar, produced sugar reduction of 27.3 mg/mL and yieldof 15.07%. Proses hidrolisis merupakan satu tahap penting dari rangkaian tahapan proses produksi bahan bakarnabati menggunakan bahan baku sampah organik. Proses hidrolisis secara kimiawi menggunakanHCl sebagai katalis akan mengubah holoselulosa yang terdapat pada sampah organik menjadi gula.Gula yang dihasilkan inilah yang dapat difermentasi menjadi bahan bakar nabati. Bahanbaku sebanyak 100 g dimasukkan dalam reaktor hidrolisis sistem batch yang dilengkapi denganpengukur tekanan dan ditambahkan larutan HCl pada perbandingan 1:6 b/v. Hidrolisis dilakukandengan memvariasikan suhu operasi 100-140oC, waktu proses 15-60 menit, serta konsentrasi HCl 0,5-1%. Hidrolisat yang dihasilkan dianalisis kadar gula menggunakan metode Nelson-somogy. Hasilhidrolisis yang dilakukan pada suhu 120oC selama 30 menit serta konsentrasi HCl 0,75% dan tekananterukur 6 bar menghasilkan gula 27,30 mg/mL dan yield gula sebesar 15,07%.
PENINGKATAN KECERAHAN PADA PROSES SINTESIS SURFAKTAN NONIONIK ALKIL POLIGLIKOSIDA (APG) BERBASIS TAPIOKA DAN DODEKANOL Februadi Bastian; Ani Suryani; Titi Candra Sunarti
Reaktor Volume 14, Nomor 2, Oktober 2012
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (366.217 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.14.2.143-150

Abstract

Alkylpolyglycosides (APG) is a nonionic surfactant that has been getting some green labels such asEcocert, EU Eco-flower and Green Seal as an environmentally friendly surfactant. Sugar is the mainraw material which is supplied the hydrophilic group, and fatty alcohol as hydrophobic group. Someundesirable compounds formed during the APG production and caused low quality. The aim of thisresearch to increase the quality and performance of APG, by controlling its process. Addition 0-10%of activated carbon and 0-0.3% of NaBH4 in APG pre-purification process; 2% (w/w) of H2O2, 35%and 500 ppm of MgO in the bleaching process were examined to process high quality and highperformance of APG. The best APG was obtained from purification step by addition 0% of activatedcarbon and 0.2% of NaBH4, with the characteristics of clarity of 59.02(%T); the ability to reducesurface and interfacial tensions at 1% concentration were 61.94% and 95.6% respectively; 81.71%of stability of emulsion, 62.5% of foam height and stable up to 315 minutes. Alkil Poliglikosida (APG) merupakan surfaktan nonionic yang telah mendapatkan beberapa greenlabel seperti Ecocert, EU Eco-flower Green Seal dan sebagainya sebagai surfaktan yang ramahlingkungan. Bahan dasar APG yaitu gula untuk membentuk gugus hidrofiliknya dan fatty alcoholuntuk membentuk gugus hidrofobiknya. Permasalahan dalam produksi APG adalah timbulnya warnagelap yang tidak dikehendaki yang menyebabkan penurunan mutu APG. Tujuan dari penelitian iniyaitu untuk meningkatkan mutu dan kinerja dari APG. Untuk meningkatkan kecerahan APG, makasebelum dilakukan proses destilasi dilakukan penambahan arang aktif 0-10% serta NaBH4 0-0,3%.Pada proses pemucatan ditambahkan 2% (b/b) H2O2 35% dan MgO 500 ppm. Hasil terbaik yaitupenambahan arang aktif 0% dan NaBH4 0,2% dengan karakteristik kecerahan 59,02(%T);kemampuan menurunkan tegangan permukaan dan antar muka pada konsentrasi 1% sebesar 61,94%dan 95,6%; kestabilan emulsi 81,71%, tinggi busa 62,5% dan umur busa 315 menit.
PENGARUH PERBEDAAN SIFAT PENYANGGA ALUMINA TERHADAP SIFAT KATALIS HYDROTREATING BERBASIS NIKEL-MOLIBDENUM Maria Ulfah; Subagjo Subagjo
Reaktor Volume 14, Nomor 2, Oktober 2012
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (146.906 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.14.2.151-157

Abstract

EFFECT OF ALUMINA SUPPORT PROPERTIES ON THE NICKEL-MOLIBDENUM BASE HYDROTREATING CATALYST. Effect of surface characteristics of three species of synthesized γ-alumina (alumina-1, alumina-2 and alumina-3) on characteristics NiMo catalysts has been studied. Those aluminas are derived from boehmite Catapal B by varying rasio mol nitric acid to boehmite. A sol-gel method is used to synthesize γ-Al2O3 support. The Nitrogen adsorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR) of H2, Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) of NH3, and mechanical strength are used to characterize the supports and catalysts. The results showed that the surface area alumina affects the formation of crystalline MoO3 in the NiMo catalyst, while γ-Al2O3-3 support which has the highest surface area (about 195 m2/g) compared to the other two types of alumina (>195 m2/g) does not have a crystalline MoO3. The formation of crystalline MoO3 is not influenced by the acidity alumina. Based on the results of XRD, it is  indicated that the supported alumina-3 NiMo catalyst (having the highest acid strength) shows that there is no presence of crystalline MoO3. Pore size distribution of support did not change significantly after the deposition of Ni and Mo oxides. Mechanical strength of support also affects the strength NiMo catalyst. Support alumina-3 which has the highest mechanical strength gives the mechanical strength of the highest NiMo catalyst. Pengaruh sifat penyangga γ-alumina hasil pengembangan (alumina-1, alumina-2 dan alumina-3) pada karakter katalis hydrotreating nikel-molibdenum (NiMo) telah dipelajari. Ketiga jenis γ-alumina diturunkan dari boehmite “Catapal B” dengan menvariasikan nisbah mol asam nitrat terhadap boehmite. Pembuatan γ-alumina menggunakan metoda sol-gel. Adsorpsi Nitrogen, X-ray difraksi (XRD), Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR) H2, Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) NH3, dan kekuatan mekanik digunakan untuk mengkarakterisasi penyangga dan katalis. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa luas permukaan alumina mempengaruhi pembentukan kristalin MoO3 dalam katalis NiMo. Pada penyangga alumina-3 yang memiliki luas permukaan yang paling tinggi (sekitar 195 m2/g) di banding dua jenis alumina lainnya (>195 m2/g) tidak memiliki kristalin MoO3. Pembentukan kristalin MoO3 tidak dipengaruhi oleh sifat keasaman alumina. Berdasarkan hasil XRD ditunjukan bahwa pada katalis NiMo berpenyangga alumina-3 (memiliki kekuatan asam yang paling tinggi) tidak terdapat adanya kristalin MoO3. Distribusi ukuran pori peyangga tidak berubah signifikan setelah deposisi oksida Ni dan Mo. Kekuatan mekanik penyangga mempengaruhi pula kekuatan katalis NiMo. Penyangga γ Al2O3-3 yang memiliki kekuatan mekanik yang paling tinggi memberikan kekuatan mekanik katalis NiMo yang tertinggi.
TRANSESTERIFICATION OF VEGETABLES OIL USING SUBAND SUPERCRITICAL METHANOL Nyoman Puspa Asri; Siti Machmudah; Wahyudiono Wahyudiono; Suprapto Suprapto; Kusno Budikarjono; Achmad Roesyadi; Mitsuru Sasaki; Motonobu Goto
Reaktor Volume 14, Nomor 2, Oktober 2012
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (113.746 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.14.2.123-128

Abstract

A benign process, non catalytic transesterification in sub and supercritical methanol method was usedto prepare biodiesel from vegetables oil. The experiment was carried out in batch type reactor (8.8 mlcapacity, stainless steel, AKICO, JAPAN) by changing the reaction condition such as reactiontemperature (from 210°C in subcritical condition to 290°C in supercritical state with of 20°Cinterval), molar ratio oil to methanol (1:12-1:42) and time of reaction (10-90 min). The fatty acidmethyl esters (FAMEs) content was analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GCFID).Such analysis can be used to determine the biodiesel yield of the transesterification. The resultsshowed that the yield of biodiesel increases gradually with the increasing of reaction time atsubcritical state (210-230oC). However, it was drastically increased at the supercritical state (270-290oC). Similarly, the yield of biodiesel sharply increased with increasing the ratio molar of soy oilmethanolup to 1:24. The maximum yield 86 and 88% were achieved at 290oC, 90 min of reaction timeand molar ratio of oil to methanol 1:24, for soybean oil and palm oil, respectively.Proses transesterifikasi non katalitik dengan metanol sub dan superkritis,merupakan proses yang ramah lingkungan digunakan untuk pembuatan biodiesel dari minyak nabati.Percobaan dilakukan dalam sebuah reaktor batch (kapasitas 8,8 ml, stainless steel, AKICO, JAPAN),dengan variabel kondisi reaksi seperti temperatur reaksi (dari kondisi subkritis 210°C-kondisisuperkritis 290°C dengan interval 20°C), rasio molar minyak-metanol (1:12-1:42) dan waktu reaksi(10-90 menit). Kandungan metil ester asam lemak (FAME) dianalisis dengan kromatografi gasdengan detektor FID (GC-FID). Hasil Analisis tersebut dapat digunakan untuk menentukan yieldbiodiesel dari proses transesterifikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa yield biodiesel meningkatsecara perlahan dengan meningkatnya waktu reaksi pada keadaan subkritis (210-230oC). Namun,yield biodiesel meningkat secara drastis pada kondisi superkritis (270-290oC). Demikian pula halnyadengan rasio molar minyak kedelai-metanol, dimana hasil biodiesel meningkat tajam denganmeningkatnya rasio molar minyak-metanol hingga 1:24. Yield maksimum dicapai pada 290oC, waktureaksi 90 menit dan rasio molar minyak terhadap metanol 1:24, yaitu sebesar 86% untuk minyakkedelai dan 88% untuk minyak sawit. 
MODEL PERPINDAHAN MASSA PADA EKSTRAKSI SAPONIN BIJI TEH DENGAN PELARUT ISOPROPIL ALKHOHOL 50% DENGAN PENGONTAKAN SECARA DISPERSI MENGGUNAKAN ANALISIS DIMENSI Susiana Prasetyo; Felicia Yosephine
Reaktor Volume 14, Nomor 2, Oktober 2012
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (188.041 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.14.2.87-94

Abstract

Indonesia merupakan salah satu penghasil teh terbesar di dunia. Menurut data dari Deptan 2010, dengan luas lahan sebesar 127712 ha, Indonesia dapat menghasilkan produktivitas teh sebesar 153971 ton/tahun. Namun sayangnya, selama ini pemanfaatan tanaman teh di Indonesia masih terbatas pada pucuk daunnya saja. Bagian tanaman teh yang memiliki kandungan potensial namun belum dimanfaatkan adalah  biji teh, mengandung 26% saponin, 20-60% minyak dan 11% protein. Saponin merupakan salah satu komponen bioaktif yang telah dimanfaatkan sebagai insektisida pembasmi hama pada tambak udang, bahan baku industri deterjen, shampoo, minuman bir, pembentuk busa pada pemadam kebakaran, dan dapat dimanfaatkan pula sebagai pupuk organik. Pada penelitian ini, saponin biji teh diperoleh melalui ekstraksi biji teh pasca pengepresan menggunakan pelarut IPA 50% secara batch di dalam sebuah ekstraktor berkapasitas 2 L. Pengontakan solvent dengan biji teh dilakukan secara dispersi. Pada penelitian ini, rasio massa pelarut terhadap massa umpan diset 20:1; temperatur divariasikan 25-60 oC, kecepatan pengadukan 100-400 rpm, serta ukuran biji teh divariasikan -40+50 mesh s.d -100+200 mesh. Ekstraksi dilakukan hingga tercapai kesetimbangan. Ekstrak yang diperoleh dipekatkan menggunakan rotavapor vakum pada temperatur di bawah 40oC. Ekstrak pekat saponin kasar yang didapat dimurnikan dengan penambahan eter, etanol dan petroleum eter secara bertahap sehingga diperoleh endapan saponin murni yang kemudian dikeringkan menggunakan tray drier pada temperatur 40oC. Pada penelitian ini, model perpindahan massa sederhana dikembangkan untuk menggambarkan proses ekstraksi padat-cair saponin biji teh. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dimensi diperoleh hubungan antara koefisien perpindahan massa volumetrik (kLa) pada lapisan antar fasa padat-cair dengan variabel-variabel ekstraksi yang dinyatakan dalam persamaan bilangan tak berdimensi dengan ralat rata-rata 3,7904 %.DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS FOR MASS TRANSFER MODEL FOR SAPONIN FROM TEA SEEDS USING 50% ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL SOLVENT IN A DISPERSION SYSTEM. Indonesia is one of the biggest tea producers in the world. According to the Deptan 2010, about 127712 hectares plantation land area produced 153971 tons of tea. Nevertheless, the utilization of tea is still restricted on the tea young sprouts. The tea seed itself which is very potential due to its bioactive ingredients has not been utilized yet. The seed contains 26% saponin, 20-60% oil, and 11% protein. Saponin is one of the bioactive components which has been used as an insecticide to kill pests on shrimps in the fishing industry, or additives for detergent industry, shampoo, beer drinks, foam on the fire department, and it can also be used as an organic fertilizer. In this research, tea seed saponin was obtained from the extraction of tea seed which was previously mechanically pressed using IPA 50% as the solvent in a 2 L batch extractor. The contact between solvent and the seed tea occurred via dispersion mechanism. The fixed variable during the extractions was mass solvent to mass feed ratios (20:1), while the studied variables were temperatures (25-60oC), stirring speeds (100-400 rpm), and the sizes of the seeds (-40+50 mesh to -100+200 mesh). Extraction was carried out until equilibrium was reached. Extract was concentrated by vacuum evaporation at temperatures below 40oC. Concentrated saponin was purified by sequential addition of ether; ethanol and petroleum ether in order to obtain pure saponin precipitated which is then dried using a tray drier at a temperature of 40oC. In this study, a simple mass transfer model was developed in order to describe the solid-liquid extraction process of tea seed saponin. Based on the results of the dimensional analysis, the relationships between the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) at the interphase of solid-liquid surface and extraction variables can be expressed by the following equation with the average error is 3.7904%.
KARAKTERISASI FILM KOMPOSIT ALGINAT DAN KITOSAN Nur Rokhati; Bambang Pramudono; Nyoman Widiasa; Heru Susanto
Reaktor Volume 14, Nomor 2, Oktober 2012
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (517.1 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.14.2.158-164

Abstract

CHARACTERIZATION OF ALGINATE AND CHITOSAN COMPOSITE FILM. Due to the specific characteristics of (thin) films, the use of polymer films in various aplications has singnificantly increased. Alginate and chitosan are natural polymers, which have potential as a raw material for the manufacture of composite films. This paper presents the preparation and characterization of alginate, chitosan and chitosan-alginate composite films. The film characterization included permeability test, degree of swelling, mechanical property, morphology (by SEM), and surface chemistry (by FTIR). The results showed that alginate films have a higher permeability ​​and degree of swelling (DS) than chitosan films. Both permeability and DS decreased with increasing concentration for both alginate and chitosan films. DS experiments showed that the films have the highest DS in water followed by ethanol 95% and ethanol >99.9%, respectively. The mechanical strength of chitosan films was larger than alginate films. Alginate-chitosan composite films prepared by layer by layer method showed better characteristics than the composite films prepared by blending of alginate and chitosan solutions. Meningkatnya aplikasi film polimer di berbagai industri tidak terlepas dari keunggulan yang dimiliki. Alginat dan kitosan merupakan polimer alam yang mempunyai potensi sebagai bahan dasar pembuatan film komposit. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pembuatan dan karakterisasi film komposit berbasis alginat dan kitosan. Karakterisasi film yang dilakukan meliputi uji: permeabilitas, derajat swelling, mekanik, morfologi (dengan SEM), dan struktur kimia permukaan (dengan FTIR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa film alginat mempunyai nilai permeabilitas maupun derajat swelling yang lebih tinggi dibanding dengan film kitosan. Baik pada kitosan maupun alginat memberikan fenomena bahwa semakin besar konsentrasi larutan maka semakin kecil nilai permeabilitas maupun derajat swelling, dengan derajat swelling terhadap air adalah yang  paling besar kemudian diikuti oleh ethanol teknis (± 95%) dan yang terkecil adalah ethanol PA (> 99,9%). Kekuatan mekanik film kitosan lebih besar dibanding dengan film alginat. Film komposit alginat-kitosan yang dibuat dengan metode layer by layer memberikan karakteristik yang lebih baik dibanding dengan film komposit yang dibuat dengan pencampuran larutan alginat dan larutan kitosan.
KINETIKA REAKSI PADA PROSES PRODUKSI DIETIL ETER DARI ETANOL DENGAN KATALIS H-ZEOLIT Widayat Widayat; Achmad Roesyadi; Muhammad Rachimoellah
Reaktor Volume 14, Nomor 2, Oktober 2012
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (151.162 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.14.2.101-108

Abstract

DiEtil Eter diproduksi dari etanol dengan proses dehidrasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untukmempelajari kinetika reaksi proses dehidrasi etanol dengan katalis H-zeolit. Katalis H-zeolitdisintesis dengan proses dealuminasi dan kalsinasi dan impregnasi dengan logam Al dan prosesreduksi dan kalsinasi. Proses produksi DiEtil Eter dilaksanakan dengan proses adsorpsi dan reaksikatalitik sedangkan proses studi kinetika reaksi menggunakan pendekatan Langmuir-Hinshelwood.Proses analisis kinetika reaksi menggunakan perangkat lunak MATLAB. Model kinetika reaksi prosesdehidrasi etanol menjadi DiEtil Eter dan etilen dengan katalis H-zeolit pada konsentrasi umpanetanol 85-95% dan rentang temperatur 140-240oC, dimana reaksi permukaan yang mengontrol reaksiglobal adalahDiEthyl Ether is produced by using ethanol dehydrationprocess. The objective of this research was to study the reaction kinetic of ethanol dehydrationprocess by H-zeolite catalyst from natural zeolite. The H-zeolite catalyst was prepared bydealumination, calcination, impregnation with Al and reduction processes. DiEthyl Ether productionwas produced by using adsorption-catalytic reaction. The kinetic study was did with MATLABsoftware. Kinetic model of ethanol dehydration processes into DiEthyl Ether and ethylene with Hzeolitecatalyst and ethanol feed concentration among 85-95% and temperature between 140-240oCunder surface reaction is shown by
APPLICATION OF PHYTOREMEDIATION FOR HERBAL MEDICINE WASTE AND ITS UTILIZATION FOR PROTEIN PRODUCTION Danny Soetrisnanto; Marcelinus Christwardana; Hadiyanto Hadiyanto
Reaktor Volume 14, Nomor 2, Oktober 2012
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (219.399 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.14.2.129-134

Abstract

Herbal industry in Indonesia is progressing very rapidly. Increasing number of herbal medicineindustries lead to an increase of the waste which are normally processed in anaerobic ponds by usingchemical and biological process. However this process are not economical feasible and therefore analternative method by using natural resource is required. Phytoremediation is an environmentalfriendly method to reduce contaminant using aquatic plant. This method uses water plant to reduceCOD and nutrients content in the waste. Since the waste still high content of nutrient, therefore it ispotential for medium growth of algae Spirulina. This study was aimed to evaluate the use of variousplant species (water hyacinth and lotus) in decreasing contaminant and to determine optimal nutrientcomposition of the growth media. The phytoremediation was performed in 3-8 days and height ofliquid in the tank was maintained constant at 5 cm. The effluent of first phytoremediation wastransferred to second stage for cultivation of Spirulina with 15 days of cultivation time. The externalnutrients were added each 2 days and the concentration of biomass was measured for its opticaldensity. Spirulina grow well in herbal medicine waste that has been phytoremediation with lotus for 3days and had a CNP ratio amounted to 57.790 : 9.281 : 1 with a growth rate of 0.271/day. Industri obat di Indonesia tumbuh sangat cepat. Pertumbuhan inimengakibatkan meningkatnya limbah yang umumnya dilakukan dalam kolam anaerobik denganmenggunakan proses kimia dan biologi. Namun demikian, proses tersebut belum menunjukkan hasilekonomis sehingga diperlukan metode lain yang relatif aman dan ekonomis. Salah satu cara yangdapat digunakan adalah phytoremediasi mengguanakn tanaman air untuk mengurangi kandunganCOD dalam limbah dan nutrient. Dikarenakan limbah masih mengandung nutrient yang cukup banyak,maka limbah tersebut juga sangat potensial untuk digunakan sebagai medium mikroalga. Penelitianini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi penggunaan tanaman air (enceng gondok dan teratai) untukmereduksi kontaminan dalam limbah obat jamu. Phytoremediasi dilakukan selama 4-8 hari dan tinggicairan dalam reaktor dijaga pada 5 cm. Keluaran dari phytoremediasi pertama menggunakantanaman air digunakan sebagai medium di phytoremediasi menggunakan mikroalga Spirulina. Untukmendapakan pertumbuhan yang optimum, maka ditambahakan juga nutrient dan menunjukkan bahwaSpirulina tumbuh dengan sangat baik dalam medium ini. Pertumbuhan terbaik diperoleh dariphytoremediasi menggunakan teratai selama 3 hari dan kecepatan pertumbuhan 0,271/hari denganperbandingan C:N:P = 57,790:9,28:1.
OPTIMASI PRODUKSI METIL ESTER SULFONAT DARI METIL ESTER MINYAK JELANTAH Sri Hidayati; Natalia Gultom; Hestuti Eni
Reaktor Volume 14, Nomor 2, Oktober 2012
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (193.905 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.14.2.165-172

Abstract

OPTIMATION OF METHYL ESTER SULFONATES PRODUCTION FROM WASTE COOKING METHYL ESTER. An experiment of sulfonation process of methyl ester to produce methyl ester sulfonates (MES) was caried out using waste palm methyl ester and sulfuric acid as sulfonating agent with variation of H2SO4 concentration (60% (K1), 70% (K2), dan 80% (K3)) and sulfonation time (60 minute (L1), 75 minute (L2) and 90 minute (L3)) using factorial on Randomized Complete Design Block. The experiment result showed the best sulfonation condition present in 80% H2SO4 concentration and sulfonation time of 90 minutes.  The best characteristic of MES is produced showed surface tension of 27.35 dyne/cm, emulsion stability of 89.44%, acid value of 17.72 mg KOH/g and interfacial tension of 0.0361 dyne/cm at MES concentration of 2% in 10,000 ppm salinity water. Sebuah penelitian tentang proses produksi metil ester sulfonat menggunakan minyak bekas kelapa sawit dilakukan dengan menggunakan H2SO4 sebagai agen pensulfonasi dengan variasi konsentrasi H2SO4 (60% (K1), 70% (K2), dan 80% (K3)) dan lama sulfonasi (60 menit (L1), 75 menit (L2) and 90 menit (L3)) dengan menggunakan faktorial dalam Rancangan Kelompok Teracak Lengkap. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi proses sulfonasi terbaik terdapat pada konsentrasi H2SO4 80% dan lama reaksi 90 menit. Karakteristik Metil Ester Sulfonat (MES) terbaik yang dihasilkan memperlihatkan nilai tegangan permukaan 27,35 dyne/cm, stabilitas emulsi 89,44%, nilai bilangan asam antara 17,72 mg KOH/g dan nilai tegangan antar muka pada konsentrasi MES 2% di dalam air dengan salinitas 10.000 ppm yaitu 0,0361 dyne/cm.
DYNAMIC SIMULATION AND COMPOSITION CONTROL IN A 10 L MIXING TANK Yulius Deddy Hermawan; Gogot Haryono
Reaktor Volume 14, Nomor 2, Oktober 2012
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (525.011 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.14.2.95-100

Abstract

The open loop experiment of composition dynamic in a 10 L mixing tank has been successfully done inlaboratory. A 10 L tank was designed for mixing of water (as a stream-1) and salt solution (as astream-2 with salt concentration, c2 constant). An electric stirrer was employed to obtain uniformcomposition in tank. In order to keep the liquid volume constant, the system was designed overflow. Inthis work, 2 composition control configurations have been proposed; they are Alternative-1 andAlternative-2. For Alternative-1, the volumetric-rate of stream-1 was chosen as a manipulatedvariable, while the volumetric-rate of stream-2 was chosen as a manipulated variable for Alternative-2. The composition control parameters for both alternatives have been tuned experimentally. Thevolumetric-rate of manipulated variable was changed based on step function. The outlet stream’scomposition response (c3) to a change in the input volumetric-rate has been investigated. Thisexperiment gave Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) control parameters. The gain controllers Kc[cm6/(gr.sec)] for Alternative-1 and Alternative-2 are -34200 and 40459 respectively. Integral timeconstant ( tI) and Derivative time constant (tD) for both alternatives are the same, i.e. tI = 16 second,and tD = 4 second. Furthermore, closed loop dynamic simulation using computer programming wasalso done to evaluate the resulted tuning parameters. The developed mathematical model ofcomposition control system in a mixing tank was solved numerically. Such mathematical model wasrigorously examined in Scilab software environment. The results showed that closed loop responses inPID control were faster than those in P and PI controls.

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