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JURNAL KIMIA SAINS DAN APLIKASI
Published by Universitas Diponegoro
ISSN : 14108917     EISSN : 25979914     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science, Engineering,
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Engineering
urnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi (p-ISSN: 1410-8917) and e-ISSN: 2597-9914) is published by Department of Chemistry, Diponegoro University. This journal is published four times per year and publishes research, review and short communication in field of Chemistry.
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Articles 7 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Vol 28, No 7 (2025): Volume 28 Issue 7 Year 2025" : 7 Documents clear
Synthesis and Characterization of rGO Using a Combination Hummers Method and Hydrothermal Reduction Pardede, Maichel Letare; Jonathan, Nicholas; Irawan, Robin; Nugroho, Agung; Susanti, Ratna Frida
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 28, No 7 (2025): Volume 28 Issue 7 Year 2025
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.28.7.396-404

Abstract

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was successfully synthesized through a combination of two oxidation methods. The Hummers method was employed to synthesize graphite oxide (GrO), followed by a hydrothermal reduction technique to obtain a more ordered rGO structure. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the transformation of GrO to rGO, as indicated by an interlayer spacing of 0.35–0.40 nm. This value reflects the crystalline characteristics and multilayer nature of the structure. The calculated crystallite size yielded La = 5.825 nm and Lc = 0.967 nm, suggesting a relatively high degree of crystallinity. Raman spectroscopy revealed an increase in structural disorder after the reduction process, as shown by an ID1/IG ratio of 1.771, which indicates the formation of structural defects due to the removal of oxygen-containing groups. Meanwhile, the IG/ID3 ratio of 1.039 confirms that the carbon atoms in rGO are arranged in a hexagonal graphite lattice. Additionally, the I2D/IG ratio of 0.321 indicates the presence of a multilayer structure. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) showed that the rGO consists of graphene layers exhibiting folding and wrinkling, likely caused by thermal fluctuations during reduction at 180°C. The success of the reduction process was further supported by the increase in the C/O ratio from 2.42 in GrO to 5.39 in rGO. Electrochemical characterization by cyclic voltammetry (CV) demonstrated that rGO exhibits pseudocapacitive behavior, achieving a specific capacitance of 408.661 F/g at a scan rate of 5 mV/s. Overall, the combined synthesis approach employed in this study successfully produced rGO with favorable morphology and promising electrochemical properties, highlighting its potential for energy storage applications such as supercapacitors.
Optimizing Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Methods of Etlingera elatior Using Response Surface Methodology for High Performance Liquid Chromatography Fingerprinting Wasito, Hendri; Ridha, Kirana Shafa; Fareza, Muhamad Salman
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 28, No 7 (2025): Volume 28 Issue 7 Year 2025
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.28.7.355-361

Abstract

Kecombrang flower (Etlingera elatior) is widely used in traditional medicine and contains various metabolites. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprinting can be employed as an analytical technique to comprehensively reveal the metabolite profile, while ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was developed to optimize metabolite extraction. This study aims to determine the optimal extraction conditions for E. elatior and apply these conditions in HPLC fingerprinting. This study utilized central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the extraction of E. elatior flowers, focusing on extraction time and the simplicia-to-solvent ratio. The optimal extraction results were applied to HPLC fingerprints of the flowers, leaves, and stems of E. elatior. The chromatograms were further analyzed using chemometric methods, namely principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) to classify and interpret the variability of metabolite profiles in different parts of E. elatior. The optimal UAE conditions were determined to be a time of 46 minutes and a simplicia-to-solvent ratio of 1:25 (g/mL). Chemometric analysis revealed that the samples were well clustered, which reflects the similarity of metabolites among them. The HCA further showed that the metabolite profile of E. elatior flowers is closely related to that of the stems.
Synthesis and Characterization of Zirconium Oxychloride from Bangka and Belitung Zircon Sand Nurhadini, Nurhadini; Fabiani, Verry Andre; Ndruru, Sun Theo Constan Lotebulo; Kurniawan, Widodo Budi
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 28, No 7 (2025): Volume 28 Issue 7 Year 2025
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.28.7.362-367

Abstract

Although zircon sand, a byproduct of tin mining in Bangka and Belitung, is abundant and rich in zirconium content, it remains underutilized despite its potential for conversion into value-added products. This study aims to explore the feasibility of using Bangka and Belitung zircon sand as raw materials for the synthesis and characterization of zirconium oxychloride octahydrate (ZrOCl2·8H2O), and to evaluate its properties relative to a commercial reference. A hydrometallurgical process involving alkaline fusion and acid leaching was employed to convert zirconium silicate (ZrSiO4) into ZrOCl2·8H2O. Comprehensive characterization was conducted using X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and particle size analysis. The results revealed that Bangka zircon sand contains a higher zirconium content (79.12%) than Belitung sand (76.97%). Both sources exhibited lower zirconium purity and higher chlorine content compared to a reference. Despite these limitations, the total Zr and Cl content reached 88.12% for the Bangka sample and 86.08% for the Belitung sample, indicating promising potential. Both products shared similar structural and morphological features in different sizes. Belitung-derived ZrOCl2·8H2O exhibited a higher ZrOCl2·8H2O phase, more defined morphology, and smaller size, suggesting it has better properties as a precursor in zirconium-based applications. This study supports the valorization of mining byproducts and highlights the potential of local zircon sand as a raw material for zirconium-based applications.
Synthesis and Characterization of Submicron Hydroxyapatite from Calcium Nitrate Tetrahydrate: Implications of pH Variations in the Precipitation Process Prameswari, Devi Diyah Ayu; Anggaraeni, Chaterine Oktavia; Edahwati, Luluk; Redjeki, Sri; Santi, Shinta Soraya
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 28, No 7 (2025): Volume 28 Issue 7 Year 2025
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.28.7.368-373

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is the primary mineral component of bone and tooth tissue. Submicron-sized HAp offers enhanced osteoconductive properties, enabling it to serve effectively as a scaffold to support osteoblast activity and new bone formation. In this study, HAp was synthesized from calcium nitrate tetrahydrate using the precipitation method. The main variable investigated was the pH, adjusted by the addition of ammonium hydroxide, which influenced the yield and Ca/P ratio of the resulting HAp. The synthesized HAp was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS Flame), UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The optimal HAp product was obtained at pH 11 and sintered at 800 °C, yielding a Ca content of 2.56% and a P content of 4.28%, resulting in a Ca/P ratio of 1.6719; consistent with the theoretical stoichiometric value of 1.67. This was supported by XRD analysis, which showed the highest intensity peak at 2θ = 31.74°, confirming the presence of hydroxyapatite. SEM analysis revealed a particle size of 460.8 nm and a porosity of 20.15%. These findings demonstrate that hydroxyapatite can be successfully synthesized via precipitation using calcium nitrate tetrahydrate under optimal conditions of pH > 11.
Preparation of Fe3O4/TiO2/ZnO Composite as a Photocatalyst for the Degradation of Methylene Blue: Optimization and Light Source Variations Wulandari, Duwi Devi; Hindryawati, Noor; Subagyono, RR Dirgarini Julia Nurlianti
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 28, No 7 (2025): Volume 28 Issue 7 Year 2025
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.28.7.374-386

Abstract

The Fe3O4/TiO2/ZnO (MTZ) composite was synthesized by preparing Fe3O4 via the coprecipitation method, TiO2 via the hydrothermal method, and ZnO via the precipitation method. The three oxides (Fe3O4, TiO2, and ZnO) were composited using the solid-state method with varying mass ratios (1:2:1, 2:1:1, 1:1:2, and 1:1:1) and calcined at 600°C for 4 h to obtain MTZ composites. The composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and particle size analysis (PSA). The results indicated that the Fe3O4/TiO2/ZnO composite with a 1:1:2 ratio (MTZ3) exhibited the most favorable properties. MTZ3 was evaluated as a photocatalyst for methylene blue degradation under UV light, with variations in irradiation time, catalyst mass, and dye concentration. Further tests were conducted under sunlight and dark conditions using both the composite and its individual oxides (Fe3O4, TiO2, and ZnO). Reuse tests assessed the stability of MTZ3 after repeated cycles. Under optimum conditions (catalyst mass 0.4 g, methylene blue concentration 20 ppm, irradiation time 60 min), MTZ3 achieved 80.4% degradation under UV light. Under sunlight, degradation efficiency reached 98.7%, while under dark conditions it was only 4.5%. Reuse tests demonstrated consistent performance over three cycles, maintaining 80.4% degradation, surpassing previous studies on Fe3O4–TiO2 (1:2) composites, which achieved 67.49% degradation over two cycles. These results suggest that the MTZ3 composite is a stable and efficient photocatalyst with excellent potential for dye degradation under various light sources.
The Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Bioplastic from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) using Pseudomonas aeruginosa Ulia, Hasnah; Samah, Selfa Dewati; Nurmalasari, Enny
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 28, No 7 (2025): Volume 28 Issue 7 Year 2025
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.28.7.387-395

Abstract

Biodegradable plastics were continuously developed to replace non-degradable plastics. One type of bioplastic that was used was poly(hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA). In this study, PHA was synthesized using Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) and the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa through a fed-batch (aerobic–anaerobic) fermentation process over six days. The study aimed to evaluate the use of POME as the sole carbon source for PHA synthesis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa through a fed-batch aerobic–anaerobic fermentation process. The total substrate volumes used in this study were 30, 60, and 90% (v/v), which were gradually added (fed-batch) at rates of 5, 10, and 15% (v/v)/day over the six-day fermentation period. The analytical results showed significant reductions in BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), ammonia (NH3), and total suspended solids (TSS) after the fermentation process, indicating that organic and chemical compounds were degraded during fermentation. PHA production from POME showed that the maximum yield occurred on the third day, with 16.89 g/kg dry biomass and a PHA concentration of 9.089 wt% (1.53 g/kg) from a total substrate volume of 9 L. The fermentation process reached the exponential phase on the third day, declined on the fourth day, and stabilized by the sixth day, with an average yield of 5.248 wt%. Characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed that the produced PHA had a structure consistent with standard PHA. Further analysis of water absorption and biodegradability showed fluctuating results, with the best performance observed at a 5% concentration, indicating low water absorption and good biodegradability. In addition, the bioplastic produced had a tensile strength of 554.32 MPa and a modulus of elasticity of 5834.95 MPa.
Total Phenolic Content Analysis, Antioxidant Activity, and Isolation of Phenolic Acid Compounds from Methanol Extract of Celery (Apium graveolens L.) Hanum, Rahma Farida; Fachriyah, Enny; Ismiyarto, Ismiyarto; Sarjono, Purbowatiningrum Ria
Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi Vol 28, No 7 (2025): Volume 28 Issue 7 Year 2025
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jksa.28.7.345-354

Abstract

Celery (Apium graveolens L.), a member of the Apiaceae family, is rich in bioactive compounds and exhibits various health benefits, including antihypertensive, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. The presence of diverse phenolic acids, as identified in previous studies, prompted this research to analyze the total phenolic content, evaluate antioxidant activity, and isolate phenolic acids from the methanol extract of celery. The study involved phytochemical screening, maceration extraction, determination of total phenolics using the Folin–Ciocalteu method, antioxidant testing via the DPPH method, and phenolic acid isolation using three approaches: base hydrolysis (HB), acid hydrolysis (HA), and non-hydrolysis (TH). The isolates were analyzed using UV–Vis spectrophotometry, CMS, and LC/MS-MS QTOF. The methanol extract of celery yielded 16.59% and was found to contain flavonoids, phenolic acids, saponins, tannins, and steroids. The total phenolic content was 17.268 ± 0.057 mg GAE/g extract, while the IC50 value was 1712.782 ± 0.115 mg/L, indicating very weak antioxidant activity. Isolation of phenolic acids revealed that the HA fraction contained pyrogallol and caffeic acid. This was supported by the A3 band (λmax 230 nm and 269 nm) with a molecular weight of 126 m/z, characteristic of pyrogallol. The A4 band (λmax 218, 242, 298, and 325 nm) with a molecular weight of 180.0387 m/z was characteristic of caffeic acid.

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