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International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES)
Published by Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
ISSN : 20894864     EISSN : 27222608     DOI : -
Core Subject : Economy,
Economics, Econometrics & Finance
The centre of gravity of the computer industry is now moving from personal computing into embedded computing with the advent of VLSI system level integration and reconfigurable core in system-on-chip (SoC). Reconfigurable and Embedded systems are increasingly becoming a key technological component of all kinds of complex technical systems, ranging from audio-video-equipment, telephones, vehicles, toys, aircraft, medical diagnostics, pacemakers, climate control systems, manufacturing systems, intelligent power systems, security systems, to weapons etc. The aim of IJRES is to provide a vehicle for academics, industrial professionals, educators and policy makers working in the field to contribute and disseminate innovative and important new work on reconfigurable and embedded systems. The scope of the IJRES addresses the state of the art of all aspects of reconfigurable and embedded computing systems with emphasis on algorithms, circuits, systems, models, compilers, architectures, tools, design methodologies, test and applications.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 23 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Vol 14, No 3: November 2025" : 23 Documents clear
A k-nearest neighbors algorithm for enhanced clustering in wireless sensor network protocols Hilmani, Adil; Sabri, Yassine; Maizate, Abderrahim; Aouad, Siham; Ayoub, Fouad
International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) Vol 14, No 3: November 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijres.v14.i3.pp605-613

Abstract

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are small, autonomous, battery-powered nodes capable of sensing, storing, and processing data, while communicating wirelessly with a central base station (BS). Optimizing energy consumption is a major challenge to extend the lifetime of these networks. In this study, we propose an innovative approach combining the k-nearest neighbors (KNN) algorithm with hierarchical and flat routing protocols to improve node selection and clustering in three key protocols: low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), threshold-sensitive energy efficient sensor network protocol (TEEN), and hybrid energy-efficient distributed clustering (HEED). Concretely, KNN is used to rank nodes based on their spatial and energy proximity, thus optimizing the choice of cluster heads (CHs) and reducing long and costly connections. Simulations show a reduction in the inter-CH distance, a decrease in overall energy consumption, and an extension of the network lifetime compared to conventional versions of the protocols. These improvements not only help increase operational efficiency, but also enhance communications stability and security, providing a robust and sustainable solution for critical WSN applications.
Clustering with hierarchical routing (GMMCHR): a new gaussian mixture model for wireless sensor networks Sikarwar, Neetu; Tomar, Ranjeet Singh
International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) Vol 14, No 3: November 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijres.v14.i3.pp785-809

Abstract

Military surveillance, industrial applications, and real-time environmental monitoring all depend on wireless sensor networks (WSNs). However, due to insufficient power sources for sensor nodes, energy efficiency (EE) and network lifetime (NL) extension are significant challenges. To vanquish these constraints, this investigation suggests a new GMMCHR (Gaussian Mixture Model Clustering with Hierarchical Routing) protocol that combines energy-aware routing with probabilistic clustering. The approach segregates network into NC (Near Clusters) and FC (Far Clusters) based on node distance from the BS. CHs are selected using a fitness function incorporating residual energy and spatial proximity, with FCs formed via Enhanced Gaussian Mixture Models (EGMM) and routing managed through a hierarchical structure. Simulations conducted in MATLAB R2021a under two scenarios—100 nodes in a 100×100 m² region and 200 nodes in a 200×200 m² region—demonstrate significant improvements over the benchmark EEHCHR protocol. In the 100-node scenario, GMMCHR delays the FND (First Node Dead) to 66 rounds, HND (Half Node Dead) to 911 rounds, and LND (Last Node Dead) to 1601 rounds, compared to EEHCHR’s 45, 735, and 1359, respectively. In the 200-node setup, GMMCHR achieves FND at 48 rounds, HND at 904, and LND at 1231, outperforming EEHCHR’s 31, 731, and 1024 rounds. Additionally, GMMCHR maintains over 70% coverage beyond 1200 rounds in Scenario 1 and delivers over 17,000 packets to the base station, significantly higher than EEHCHR. Moreover, the combination of soft clustering in GMM with the hierarchical routing would allow dynamic flexibility, superior load balancing, and improved scalability. Overall, GMMCHR provides an effective and capable method of enhancing the lifetime of the WSN in both small-scale and large-scale systems.
Smart irrigation system with internet of things for rose cultivation in a basic greenhouse in Canchis, Cusco, 2025 Benique, Marco Antonio Roque; Teves, Luis Enrique Falcon; Ortiz, Eduar Anibal Vasquez
International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) Vol 14, No 3: November 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijres.v14.i3.pp754-765

Abstract

A large percentage of the world’s freshwater is allocated to agriculture, which presents a significant challenge for the future in light of a growing global population and climate change. In this context, it is essential to implement technologies that enable more efficient water resource management. Consequently, a smart irrigation system with internet of things (IoT) was developed for rose cultivation in a basic greenhouse located in Canchis, in the Cusco region, in 2025. This project integrated sensors for data acquisition, ESP32 modules for control, and solenoid valves as actuators. Additionally, the ThingSpeak platform was used for monitoring. The implementation of the system in the basic greenhouse demonstrated reliable communication between the different nodes and the virtual platform, as well as full automation through the solenoid valve’s response to a defined threshold. Finally, it showed an average water consumption savings per irrigation of up to 46.26% compared to the previous system.
The novel single-module communication subsystem architecture for industrial digital inkjet Popov, Maksim; Romanov, Aleksandr
International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) Vol 14, No 3: November 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijres.v14.i3.pp696-704

Abstract

The typical challenge in embedded hardware development is the data transfer subsystem. As long as the required speeds are low and high latency is acceptable, there is quite a simple solution with serial bus like controller area network (CAN). In case of high speed (hundreds of megabits per second) with the high temporal determinism, the solution becomes significantly more complicated, requiring expensive components and growing complexity of the embedded software/firmware. We consider industrial inkjet as an example. The device typically includes moving carriage (with printheads) to jet along the media. Existing solutions use optical fiber cable or shielded twisted pair (STP) cable to connect modules. So, additional physical and logical devices are required (for example, for buffering or serial-to-parallel data conversion). For a long time, this approach has no valuable alternative. The novel single-module solution involves abandoning the intermediate high-speed channel. Instead of multiple modules and high-speed communication links between them, the single module is installed near the data destination and connected to the master PC via Ethernet. The functionality of high-speed data transfer subsystem is delegated to the shared dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) and controller, implemented with field-programmable gate array (FPGA) resources. So, the connection cable is not needed anymore and the transfer speed is virtually limited only by DRAM performance.
Hardware design for fast gate bootstrapping in fully homomorphic encryption over the Torus Vig, Saru; Al Badawi, Ahmad; Faizal Yusof, Mohd
International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) Vol 14, No 3: November 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijres.v14.i3.pp659-675

Abstract

Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) is a promising solution for privacy preserving computations, as it enables operations on encrypted data. Despite its potential, FHE is associated with high computational costs. As the theoretical foundations of FHE mature, mounting interest is focused towards hardware acceleration of established FHE schemes. In this work, we present a hardware implementation of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) tailored for polynomial multiplication and aimed at accelerating gate bootstrapping in Torus fully homomorphic encryption (TFHE) schemes. Our study includes an extensive design-space exploration at various implementation levels, leveraging parallel streaming data to reduce computational latency. We introduce a new algorithm to expedite modular polynomial multiplication using negative wrapped convolution. Our implementation, conducted on reconfigurable hardware, adheres to the default TFHE parameters with 1024-degree polynomials. The results demonstrate a significant performance enhancement, with improvements of up to 30-fold, depending on the FFT design parameters. Our work contributes to the ongoing efforts to optimize FHE, paving the way for more efficient and secure computations.
Design of a real-time prayer clock using geographic coordinates Noreddine‬‏, Massoum; Nassim, Moulai Khatir Ahmed
International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) Vol 14, No 3: November 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijres.v14.i3.pp834-842

Abstract

Prayer times and calendar clock are a valuable system that relies on programs that we developed in Mikroc that allow to mathematically calculate these prayer times, which differ from one place (city) to another and from one day to another using geographical coordinates. The more precise these coordinates (latitude and longitude), the more precise the prayer times are. The research that we conducted was carried out using a 16F876A microcontroller that uses the 74HC595 circuit, an 8-bit serial input and parallel output shift register for storage. Outputs can be added to the microcontroller thanks to this. It is possible to manage this integrated circuit from three pins of our microcontroller.
Reconfigurable embedded systems for remote health monitoring: a comprehensive review Sutikno, Tole; Zakwan Jidin, Aiman; Handayani, Lina
International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) Vol 14, No 3: November 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijres.v14.i3.pp855-876

Abstract

The rapid expansion of telemedicine and wearable health devices has intensified the demand for energy-efficient and adaptable embedded systems capable of supporting real-time, reliable remote health monitoring. This review provides a comprehensive survey of reconfigurable embedded platforms—focusing on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), coarse-grained reconfigurable arrays (CGRAs), and heterogeneous system-on-chips (SoCs)—deployed for monitoring critical physiological parameters such as electrocardiogram (ECG), oxygen saturation (SpO₂), and body temperature. We analyze co-design methodologies that integrate artificial intelligence (AI-driven) neural accelerators, quantization strategies, and runtime adaptability to address the competing requirements of low power consumption, data integrity, and latency minimization in diverse telemedicine contexts. The paper highlights the strengths and limitations of conventional versus reconfigurable approaches, reviews case studies in wearable and implantable health devices, and underscores key design trade-offs in performance, scalability, and security. By systematically mapping current innovations and identifying unresolved challenges—including standardization, clinical validation, and secure edge integration—this review positions reconfigurable architectures as a cornerstone for next-generation, patient-centric remote health monitoring. Future directions emphasize AI-enabled adaptability, sustainable and carbon-aware device design, and personalized healthcare through adaptive embedded systems, charting a pathway toward scalable and resilient telemedicine ecosystems.
Room energy management utilizing internet of things technology for decreasing electricity consumption Winasis, Winasis; Suroso, Suroso; Nugraha, Azis Wisnu Widhi; Priswanto, Priswanto
International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) Vol 14, No 3: November 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijres.v14.i3.pp734-744

Abstract

This paper proposes a novel internet of things (IoT)-based control system for energy management to reduce electricity consumption from the two most dominant loads in buildings: air conditioners (AC) and lighting. The proposed system provides a comprehensive operational control strategy that integrates scheduling, human detection, ambient temperature, and light intensity for optimal room-level energy management employed. The proposed system employs wireless fidelity (WiFi)-enabled temperature, presence, and light sensors for comprehensive room conditions monitoring. Additionally, a WiFi-connected infrared module serves as an actuator to regulate the AC unit. Testing results demonstrate compelling energy savings, achieving up to 36% for the AC and 72% for the lighting while maintaining a comfortable indoor environment. These results were obtained from an experimental test in a private room within a residence over an 8-hour daytime period with 50% occupancy time. The proposed IoT system offers a highly effective and easily deployable solution for sustainable energy reduction in residential settings.
Enhancing cross-cutting concerns in the internet of things with applying aspect oriented programming Fatiha, Khalifa; Bouchiba, Guelta
International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) Vol 14, No 3: November 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijres.v14.i3.pp745-753

Abstract

Aspect oriented programming (AOP) is a new programming model that provides new concepts to handle cross-cutting concerns about code. The idea of introducing AOP in the internet of things (IoT) is inherited from the complexity of sensor operations involving data acquisition, processing, and communication, the need to support multiple simultaneous services for users particularly security services such as authentication, authorization, data traceability, and transaction management, and the challenges posed by the IoT deployments, the treatment of these data volumes lead to problematic code redundancy and cross-cutting concerns that compromise system maintainability. In this context, AOP enables the separation of core functionalities, data management, and cross-cutting concerns, allowing them to be developed and reused independently within the same codebase. To address these issues, this paper proposes an AOP model for IoT systems based on the Petri net representations. The model strategically integrates the core AOP advantages of modularity, reusability, and extensibility, microservices based architectural decomposition and specialized handling of sensor-specific requirements in IoT environments.
The impacts of optical display BaF2-Ce materials on solid-state lighting Quan, Luu Hong; Loan, Nguyen Thi Phuong
International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) Vol 14, No 3: November 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijres.v14.i3.pp717-724

Abstract

Transparent ceramic doped with barium fluorid cerium (BaF2-Ce) was created via a sintering method and its brightness and scintillation characteristics were examined. The luminescence is associated with the 5d-4f transitions in the Ce3+ ion and exhibits emitting maxima at 310 and 323 nm. For Na-22 radioisotopes, photo-maximum at 511 keV and 1274 keV were achieved using translucent ceramic BaF2-Ce. The translucent ceramic BaF2-Ce has been determined to have a power resolution of 13.5% at 662 keV. A luminescent production rate was measured for the BaF2-Ce (0.2%) ceramic, which is similar to sole crystal. Calculations of the scintillation degradation period beneath 662 keV gamma stimulation reveal a quick part of 58 ns and a somewhat sluggish part of 434 ns. The more gradual part in BaF2-Ce(0.2%) ceramic is linked to the dipole-dipole power transmission from the host structure to the Ce3+ luminous core and is quicker comparing to self-trapped excitons (STE) emitting in BaF2 host. BaF2-Ce offer various qualities, including significant illumination output, rapid degradation duration, and rapid scintillating reaction, which are desirable for many global fields such as medicine, radiation detection, industrial systems and nuclear safety.

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