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SCRIPTA SCORE Scientific Medical Journal
Published by Universitas Sumatera Utara
ISSN : 20888686     EISSN : 26860864     DOI : https://doi.org/10.32734/scripta.v1i2
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology
SCRIPTA SCORE Scientific Medical Journal is a journal aimed to provide a forum for publishing scientific articles in the field of medical or health science. The main focus of SCRIPTA SCORE Scientific Medical Journal is tropical medicine and oncology medicine also the rest of medical fields as the additional focus. To achieve its aim, SCRIPTA SCORE Scientific Medical Journal publishes research articles, review articles, and case reports especially manuscript with a regional or national data to raise the interest of the reader in tropical medicine or oncology medicine as the main focus and the rest of medical fields as the addition focus.
Arjuna Subject : Kedokteran - Kedokteran (Lain-Lain)
Articles 177 Documents
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Therapeutic Potential of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract and Nigella sativa as Herbal Therapy in Diabetes Mellitus: A Literature Review Tiffany Anggun Prasetyo; Mutiara Indah Sari; Tri Widyawati
SCRIPTA SCORE Scientific Medical Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): SCRIPTA SCORE Scientific Medical Journal
Publisher : Talenta Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32734/scripta.v8i1.25867

Abstract

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose concentrations resulting from impaired insulin production, reduced insulin responsiveness, or a combination of both conditions. Increasing evidence indicates that oxidative imbalance and persistent inflammatory responses contribute substantially to the onset and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Consequently, medicinal plants with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities have gained attention as potential supportive interventions. Objective: This review aimed to evaluate published evidence regarding the antidiabetic properties of Moringa oleifera and Nigella sativa, particularly their influence on glucose metabolism, oxidative damage, and inflammatory pathways. Methods: A narrative review was performed using articles retrieved from PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Google Scholar, and accredited scientific journals. Publications from 2015–2024 were screened according to predefined eligibility criteria. Of 87 records initially identified, 17 studies were selected for analysis. Results: Available studies indicate that Moringa oleifera may assist glucose regulation through enzyme inhibition, improvement of insulin responsiveness, and enhancement of endogenous antioxidant defenses. Meanwhile, Nigella sativa and its principal bioactive constituent, thymoquinone, demonstrate glucose-lowering, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities through modulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators. Both plants have also shown protective effects against tissue damage associated with diabetes. Conclusion: Current findings support the potential role of Moringa oleifera and Nigella sativa as adjunctive approaches in diabetes management. Nevertheless, additional well-designed clinical investigations are required to establish their therapeutic effectiveness and long-term safety. Keyword: diabetes mellitus, inflammation, Moringa oleifera, Nigella sativa, oxidative stress   Latar Belakang: Diabetes melitus (DM) merupakan gangguan metabolik kronis yang ditandai oleh peningkatan kadar glukosa darah akibat gangguan sekresi insulin, penurunan sensitivitas insulin, atau kombinasi keduanya. Selain hiperglikemia, stres oksidatif dan inflamasi kronis diketahui berkontribusi terhadap perkembangan serta progresivitas diabetes melitus tipe 2 (DMT2). Oleh karena itu, tanaman obat yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dan antiinflamasi semakin banyak diteliti sebagai terapi pendamping dalam pengelolaan diabetes. Tujuan: Tinjauan pustaka ini bertujuan mengevaluasi bukti ilmiah mengenai potensi antidiabetik Moringa oleifera dan Nigella sativa, khususnya terkait pengaruhnya terhadap metabolisme glukosa, stres oksidatif, dan jalur inflamasi. Metode: Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode narrative literature review. Artikel diperoleh dari basis data PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Google Scholar, dan jurnal ilmiah terakreditasi. Publikasi tahun 2015–2024 diseleksi berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang telah ditetapkan. Dari 87 publikasi yang teridentifikasi, sebanyak 17 artikel memenuhi kriteria dan dianalisis. Hasil: Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa Moringa oleifera berpotensi membantu pengendalian glukosa melalui penghambatan enzim pencernaan karbohidrat, peningkatan sensitivitas insulin, serta penguatan sistem antioksidan endogen. Sementara itu, Nigella sativa, terutama melalui kandungan thymoquinone, menunjukkan aktivitas antihiperglikemik, antioksidan, dan antiinflamasi melalui modulasi stres oksidatif dan mediator inflamasi. Kedua tanaman juga berpotensi memberikan efek protektif terhadap kerusakan jaringan akibat diabetes. Kesimpulan: Moringa oleifera dan Nigella sativa memiliki potensi sebagai terapi komplementer pada diabetes melitus. Namun, penelitian klinis yang lebih terstandarisasi masih diperlukan untuk memastikan efektivitas dan keamanan penggunaannya dalam jangka panjang. Keyword: diabetes melitus, inflamasi, Moringa oleifera, Nigella sativa, stres oksidatif
Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induced by Hyperglycemia as a Key Mechanism in Metabolic Disorders Josephine Gloriana; Sry Suryani Widjaja; Firzan Nainu
SCRIPTA SCORE Scientific Medical Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): SCRIPTA SCORE Scientific Medical Journal
Publisher : Talenta Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32734/scripta.v8i1.25883

Abstract

Background: Hyperglycemia is a major feature of metabolic disorders and is closely associated with mitochondrial dysfunction through oxidative stress, impaired bioenergetics, and altered mitochondrial regulation. Plant-derived bioactive compounds have also attracted interest for their potential to modulate these mitochondrial and redox pathways. Objectives: This review aimed to synthesize published evidence on hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction as a central mechanism in metabolic disorders and to summarize the potential role of plant-derived compounds in modulating mitochondrial pathways. Methods: This study was conducted as a narrative literature review. Articles were searched through PubMed, SAGE Journals, and ScienceDirect databases for publications from 2015 to 2025. The search terms included combinations of hyperglycemia, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, PGC-1α, Nrf2, mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, metabolic disorders, and plant-derived extracts. Eligible articles included original studies and review papers discussing mitochondrial alterations under hyperglycemic conditions in in vitro, animal, or human studies. The data were synthesized qualitatively and organized into thematic categories without meta-analysis. Discussion: Hyperglycemia increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, impairs electron transport chain efficiency, and reduces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation. It may also disturb mitochondrial quality control by promoting excessive fission and suppressing PGC-1α-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis. Oxidative stress–responsive pathways, including Nrf2, contribute to mitochondrial redox homeostasis under metabolic stress. Polyphenols, flavonoids, and curcumin may modulate these pathways by activating Nrf2-dependent antioxidant responses and supporting mitochondrial biogenesis-related signaling. Conclusion: Hyperglycemia contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction through oxidative stress, impaired energy metabolism, and altered mitochondrial regulatory pathways. Plant-derived compounds may offer potential protective effects, although many studies remain limited by the lack of direct mitochondrial functional assessment. Keyword: hyperglycemia; mitochondrial dysfunction; Nrf2; oxidative stress; PGC-1α   Latar Belakang: Hiperglikemia merupakan ciri utama gangguan metabolik dan berhubungan erat dengan disfungsi mitokondria melalui stres oksidatif, gangguan bioenergetika, dan perubahan regulasi mitokondria. Senyawa bioaktif berbasis tanaman juga mendapat perhatian karena berpotensi memodulasi jalur mitokondria dan redoks tersebut. Tujuan: Tinjauan ini bertujuan untuk menyintesis bukti ilmiah mengenai disfungsi mitokondria akibat hiperglikemia sebagai mekanisme penting pada gangguan metabolik, serta merangkum potensi senyawa berbasis tanaman dalam memodulasi jalur mitokondria. Metode: Studi ini disusun sebagai narrative literature review. Penelusuran artikel dilakukan melalui basis data PubMed, SAGE Journals, dan ScienceDirect untuk publikasi tahun 2015 hingga 2025. Kata kunci yang digunakan mencakup kombinasi hyperglycemia, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, PGC-1α, Nrf2, mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, metabolic disorders, dan plant-derived extracts. Artikel yang memenuhi kriteria meliputi penelitian asli dan artikel review yang membahas perubahan mitokondria pada kondisi hiperglikemia berdasarkan studi in vitro, hewan coba, maupun manusia. Data disintesis secara kualitatif dan disusun dalam kategori tematik tanpa meta-analisis. Pembahasan: Hiperglikemia meningkatkan produksi reactive oxygen species (ROS), menurunkan efisiensi rantai transpor elektron, dan mengurangi pembentukan adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Kondisi ini juga dapat mengganggu kontrol kualitas mitokondria dengan meningkatkan fisi berlebihan dan menekan biogenesis mitokondria yang dimediasi PGC-1α. Jalur respons stres oksidatif, termasuk Nrf2, berperan dalam menjaga homeostasis redoks mitokondria selama stres metabolik. Senyawa fitokimia seperti polifenol, flavonoid, dan kurkumin berpotensi memodulasi jalur tersebut melalui aktivasi respons antioksidan bergantung Nrf2 dan dukungan terhadap regulasi biogenesis mitokondria. Kesimpulan: Hiperglikemia berkontribusi terhadap disfungsi mitokondria melalui stres oksidatif, gangguan metabolisme energi, dan perubahan jalur regulasi mitokondria. Senyawa berbasis tanaman berpotensi memberikan efek protektif, meskipun banyak studi masih terbatas karena belum mengevaluasi fungsi mitokondria secara langsung. Kata kunci: disfungsi mitokondria; hiperglikemia; Nrf2; PGC-1α; stres oksidatif  
Dynamic Digestive Health Surveillance System (DDHSS): A Conceptual Framework for Longitudinal Colorectal Cancer Surveillance Aisyah Aulia Az-Zahra Ikhsan; Akmal Hisyam; Raihansyah Harris Nasution; Muhammad Zain Ardiansyah
SCRIPTA SCORE Scientific Medical Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): SCRIPTA SCORE Scientific Medical Journal
Publisher : Talenta Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32734/scripta.v8i1.25984

Abstract

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although fecal immunochemical tests (FIT) and colonoscopy effectively detect precancerous lesions and early-stage CRC, current screening strategies remain predominantly age-based and episodic. Such approaches inadequately capture longitudinal changes in individual risk profiles. Recent advances in electronic health records (EHRs), longitudinal healthcare databases, and artificial intelligence (AI) provide opportunities for more adaptive CRC surveillance. Objectives: This review evaluated the limitations of conventional CRC screening and the potential role of longitudinal healthcare data integration and AI-assisted risk stratification in adaptive CRC surveillance. Methods: A structured narrative review was conducted. Literature searches were performed in PubMed and Scopus for studies published between 2016 and 2026 using keywords related to CRC screening, longitudinal surveillance, healthcare informatics, and artificial intelligence. Relevant literature on CRC screening performance, predictive modeling, and AI-assisted surveillance systems was synthesized to develop a conceptual framework. Discussion: CRC susceptibility evolves under biological, metabolic, genetic, and environmental influences. Integration of cumulative healthcare information with predictive analytical models may improve the continuity and precision of CRC surveillance compared with conventional age-based screening. However, translational barriers, including data interoperability, algorithmic bias, and limited longitudinal validation, remain important challenges. Based on the synthesized evidence, the Dynamic Digestive Health Surveillance System (DDHSS) is proposed as a conceptual framework for population-level CRC surveillance. Conclusion:  Integration of longitudinal healthcare data and AI-driven analytics may support more personalized and adaptive CRC surveillance beyond conventional age-based screening. Keyword: artificial intelligence, colorectal cancer, population surveillance, risk stratification, screening Latar Belakang: Kanker kolorektal (CRC) tetap menjadi salah satu penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas akibat kanker di seluruh dunia. Meskipun tes imunokimia feses (FIT) dan kolonoskopi efektif dalam mendeteksi lesi prakanker serta CRC stadium awal, strategi skrining saat ini masih didominasi pendekatan berbasis usia dan dilakukan secara episodik. Pendekatan tersebut belum sepenuhnya menangkap perubahan risiko individu dari waktu ke waktu. Kemajuan rekam medis elektronik (EHR), data kesehatan longitudinal, dan kecerdasan buatan (AI) membuka peluang pengembangan pemantauan risiko CRC yang lebih adaptif. Tujuan: Tinjauan ini mengevaluasi keterbatasan skrining CRC konvensional serta potensi integrasi data longitudinal dan stratifikasi risiko berbantuan AI dalam surveilans CRC adaptif. Metode: Kajian naratif terstruktur dilakukan melalui penelusuran PubMed, Scopus, dan ScienceDirect untuk publikasi tahun 2016–2026. Sebanyak 38 publikasi memenuhi kriteria dan disintesis secara naratif. Pembahasan: Risiko CRC bersifat dinamis dan dipengaruhi faktor biologis, metabolik, genetik, lingkungan, serta riwayat skrining. Bukti yang ditinjau menunjukkan masih adanya risiko residual setelah hasil skrining negatif, heterogenitas lintasan risiko pascaskrining, serta potensi integrasi hasil FIT, temuan endoskopi sebelumnya, variabel klinis, dan data kesehatan rutin untuk mendukung pemantauan risiko yang lebih adaptif. Namun, model prediktif yang ada masih dibatasi oleh kurangnya validasi prospektif, ketidakpastian kalibrasi, bias algoritma, keterbatasan interoperabilitas data, dan belum cukupnya bukti utilitas klinis di dunia nyata. Berdasarkan bukti yang disintesis, DDHSS diusulkan sebagai kerangka konseptual untuk pemantauan risiko CRC longitudinal dan dukungan rujukan. Kesimpulan: DDHSS merupakan kerangka integratif yang bersifat hipotesis-generatif dengan menghubungkan data kesehatan longitudinal, analitik prediktif, stratifikasi risiko, dan umpan balik surveilans. DDHSS perlu dipahami sebagai arsitektur surveilans konseptual, bukan sistem klinis tervalidasi, sehingga nilai tambahnya dibandingkan jalur skrining, diagnostik, dan surveilans yang telah ada masih memerlukan evaluasi prospektif. Kata kunci: kanker kolorektal, kecerdasan buatan, surveilans populasi, skrining, stratifikasi risiko    
Potensi CRISPR-Cas9 Terkonjugasi Sistem Pengantar Vesikel Ekstraseluler sebagai Strategi Terapeutik Penyakit HIV dengan Metode Genome Editing untuk Pengobatan Masa Depan Penyakit HIV Muhammad Rizky Hidayatullah; Salwa Adilah Ningtiyas; Adinda Nezma Meidina; Awwa Chaga Qambara Taqwa
SCRIPTA SCORE Scientific Medical Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): SCRIPTA SCORE Scientific Medical Journal
Publisher : Talenta Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32734/scripta.v8i1.26035

Abstract

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remains a major global health challenge with high morbidity and mortality rates. Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively suppresses viral replication, it is unable to eradicate latent HIV reservoirs, preventing complete viral clearance. Advances in genome editing technologies, particularly Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9), have created new opportunities for HIV treatment through the targeted elimination of integrated viral genetic material. Objective: This study aimed to review the potential of CRISPR-Cas9 conjugated with extracellular vesicle delivery systems as a therapeutic strategy for HIV based on current scientific evidence. Methods: A literature review was conducted using scientific articles retrieved from PubMed, ScienceDirect, NCBI, and other relevant scientific databases. Relevant studies were critically reviewed and synthesized to evaluate its therapeutic potential for HIV treatment. Discussion: The findings indicate that CRISPR-Cas9 can target multiple stages of the HIV life cycle, including disruption of viral entry coreceptors, inhibition of viral replication, and elimination of latent proviral DNA integrated within host genomes. Furthermore, extracellular vesicles offer several advantages as delivery vehicles, including high biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and efficient intracellular delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 components. Several studies have demonstrated that the combination of CRISPR-Cas9 and extracellular vesicle-based delivery systems can reduce HIV proviral expression and prevent the reactivation of latent viral reservoirs. Conclusion: CRISPR-Cas9 conjugated with extracellular vesicle delivery systems represents a promising therapeutic approach for HIV treatment. However, further studies are required to evaluate its safety, efficacy, and clinical applicability in humans. Keywords: CRISPR-Cas9, extracellular vesicles, gene therapy, genome editing, HIV.   Latar Belakang: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) masih menjadi tantangan kesehatan global dengan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tinggi. Meskipun terapi antiretroviral (ART) efektif dalam menekan replikasi virus, terapi ini belum mampu mengeliminasi reservoir laten HIV sehingga belum dapat memberikan kesembuhan secara menyeluruh. Perkembangan teknologi genome editing, khususnya Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9), membuka peluang baru dalam terapi HIV melalui eliminasi materi genetik virus yang terintegrasi pada genom inang. Tujuan: Mengkaji potensi CRISPR-Cas9 yang dihantarkan menggunakan vesikel ekstraseluler sebagai strategi terapeutik HIV berdasarkan bukti ilmiah terkini. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode literature review dengan menelaah berbagai artikel ilmiah yang diperoleh dari PubMed, ScienceDirect, NCBI, dan sumber ilmiah relevan lainnya. Artikel yang relevan ditelaah secara kritis dan disintesis untuk mengevaluasi potensi terapeutik pendekatan tersebut dalam pengobatan HIV. Pembahasan: Kajian menunjukkan bahwa CRISPR-Cas9 mampu menargetkan berbagai tahap siklus hidup HIV, termasuk menghambat koreseptor masuknya virus, mengganggu replikasi virus, serta mengeliminasi provirus laten yang terintegrasi dalam genom sel inang. Selain itu, vesikel ekstraseluler memiliki keunggulan sebagai sistem penghantar karena bersifat biokompatibel, memiliki imunogenisitas rendah, serta mampu meningkatkan efisiensi pengiriman komponen CRISPR-Cas9 ke sel target. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi CRISPR-Cas9 dan vesikel ekstraseluler mampu menurunkan ekspresi provirus HIV dan menghambat aktivasi ulang reservoir laten. Kesimpulan: CRISPR-Cas9 yang dihantarkan menggunakan vesikel ekstraseluler berpotensi menjadi strategi terapeutik inovatif untuk HIV. Meskipun demikian, penelitian lebih lanjut masih diperlukan untuk mengevaluasi keamanan, efikasi, dan aplikasinya pada manusia. Keyword: CRISPR-Cas9, HIV, penyuntingan genom, terapi gen, vesikel ekstraseluler.
Vaksin Berbasis Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) untuk Pencegahan Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): Perkembangan Teknologi dan Bukti Klinis Terkini Muhammad Rizky Hidayatullah; Adinda Nezma Meidina; Salwa Adilah Ningtiyas; Awwa Chaga Qambara Taqwa
SCRIPTA SCORE Scientific Medical Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): SCRIPTA SCORE Scientific Medical Journal
Publisher : Talenta Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32734/scripta.v8i1.26037

Abstract

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remains a major global public health challenge. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2025, approximately 41 million people were living with HIV, with an estimated 570,000 deaths attributable to HIV-related causes and 1.2 million new HIV infections. These figures underscore the importance of effective HIV prevention strategies. Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)-based vaccines represent a promising platform for HIV prevention because they enable flexible delivery and expression of HIV immunogens. Objective: To evaluate the development and potential of mRNA-based vaccines for HIV prevention. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using the Cochrane Library, Europe PMC, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Semantic Scholar, SpringerLink, Wiley Online Library, and Google Scholar for publications from 2021 to 2026. A total of 17 peer-reviewed articles were included and narratively synthesized. Results: Preclinical studies and phase I trials demonstrated that mRNA-LNP vaccines can induce HIV-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. In macaques, one candidate reduced the risk of heterologous SHIV infection by 79% per exposure. In humans, IAVI G002 and G003 demonstrated activation and early maturation of VRC01-class bnAb precursors, while HVTN 302 induced autologous tier 2 neutralizing antibodies in 80% of recipients receiving membrane-anchored Env trimers compared with 4% receiving soluble trimers. However, current evidence has not demonstrated that mRNA vaccines can prevent HIV acquisition in humans, induce broad and durable bnAb responses, or provide protection against viral diversity. Conclusion: mRNA-based HIV vaccines demonstrate biological feasibility and promising early clinical immunogenicity, but their protective efficacy has not yet been established. Further clinical studies are warranted to optimize delivery systems, dosing, durability of immune responses, and long-term safety. Keyword: antibodies; HIV prevention; immunogenicity; mRNA vaccine   Latar Belakang: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat global. Menurut World Health Organization (WHO), pada tahun 2025 diperkirakan terdapat 41 juta orang yang hidup dengan HIV, dengan sekitar 570.000 kematian akibat penyebab terkait HIV dan 1,2 juta infeksi baru. Hal ini menunjukkan pentingnya pencegahan HIV. Vaksin berbasis messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) merupakan salah satu platform yang berpotensi dikembangkan untuk pencegahan HIV karena memungkinkan penghantaran dan ekspresi imunogen secara fleksibel. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi perkembangan dan potensi vaksin berbasis mRNA untuk pencegahan HIV. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan narrative literature review. Pencarian literatur dilakukan melalui Cochrane Library, Europe PMC, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Semantic Scholar, SpringerLink, Wiley Online Library, dan Google Scholar terhadap publikasi tahun 2021–2026. Sebanyak 17 artikel ilmiah peer-reviewed yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi disintesis secara naratif. Hasil: Penelitian praklinis dan uji fase I menunjukkan bahwa mRNA-LNP dapat menginduksi respons imun humoral dan seluler spesifik HIV. Pada kera, salah satu kandidat menurunkan risiko infeksi SHIV heterolog sebesar 79% per pajanan. Pada manusia, IAVI G002 dan G003 menunjukkan aktivasi serta pematangan awal prekursor bnAb kelas VRC01, sedangkan HVTN 302 menghasilkan antibodi penetral tier 2 autolog pada 80% penerima trimer Env membrane-anchored dibandingkan 4% pada trimer terlarut. Namun, bukti yang tersedia belum menunjukkan kemampuan vaksin mRNA dalam mencegah akuisisi HIV pada manusia, menghasilkan respons bnAb yang luas dan persisten, atau memberikan perlindungan terhadap keragaman virus. Kesimpulan: Vaksin HIV berbasis mRNA menunjukkan kelayakan biologis dan imunogenisitas klinis awal, tetapi efikasi protektifnya belum terbukti. Diperlukan uji klinis lebih lanjut untuk mengoptimalkan sistem penghantaran, dosis, durabilitas, dan keamanan jangka panjang. Kata kunci: antibodi; pencegahan HIV; respons imun; vaksin mRNA.
Multi-Omics Integration and Artificial Intelligence for Dynamic Risk Stratification of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in MASLD: Toward Precision Surveillance and Personalized Immunotherapy Muhammad Zain Ardiansyah; Muhammad Yahri Zacky; Aisyah Aulia Az-Zahra Ikhsan; Akmal Hisyam
SCRIPTA SCORE Scientific Medical Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): SCRIPTA SCORE Scientific Medical Journal
Publisher : Talenta Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32734/scripta.v8i1.26160

Abstract

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy and remains a major cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has emerged as an important driver of hepatocarcinogenesis, characterized by heterogeneous disease progression and the development of HCC even in non-cirrhotic patients, thereby challenging conventional surveillance strategies. Objectives: This review aimed to evaluate the role of multi-omics integration and artificial intelligence (AI) in the early detection and dynamic risk stratification of MASLD-related HCC, synthesize evidence regarding the association between multi-layer biomarkers, biological heterogeneity, and immunotherapy response prediction, and formulate a conceptual framework for dynamic risk stratification based on longitudinal molecular trajectories as a foundation for precision surveillance and personalized therapeutic strategies. Methods: A structured narrative literature review using a conceptual synthesis approach was conducted. Literature searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2021 and 2026. Studies investigating genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, or epigenomics integrated with AI-based approaches for HCC detection, risk stratification, or therapeutic response prediction were qualitatively synthesized. Discussion: Current evidence suggests that multi-omics integration provides a more comprehensive understanding of molecular heterogeneity and hepatocarcinogenic trajectories than single-biomarker approaches. AI facilitates the integration of multidimensional data through complex modeling, enabling dynamic risk stratification, improving early detection, and predicting immunotherapy response. Conclusion: Multi-omics and AI have the potential to transform risk-based surveillance and personalized management of MASLD-related HCC. However, prospective multicenter validation, standardized integration strategies, and adequate healthcare infrastructure are required for broader clinical implementation. Keyword: artificial intelligence; hepatocellular carcinoma; MASLD; multi-omics; precision hepatology   Latar Belakang: Karsinoma hepatoseluler (hepatocellular carcinoma/HCC) merupakan keganasan hati primer tersering dan masih menjadi penyebab utama mortalitas terkait kanker di seluruh dunia. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) telah berkembang sebagai determinan penting dalam hepatokarsinogenesis dengan karakteristik progresi penyakit yang heterogen serta kemampuan berkembang menjadi HCC bahkan pada pasien tanpa sirosis, sehingga menantang strategi surveilans konvensional.   Tujuan: Tinjauan ini bertujuan mengevaluasi peran integrasi multi-omics dan kecerdasan buatan (artificial intelligence/AI) dalam deteksi dini dan stratifikasi risiko dinamis HCC terkait MASLD, mensintesis bukti mengenai hubungan biomarker multi-lapis dengan heterogenitas biologis dan prediksi respons imunoterapi, serta merumuskan kerangka konseptual stratifikasi risiko dinamis berbasis trajektori molekuler longitudinal sebagai dasar pengembangan surveilans presisi dan strategi terapi yang dipersonalisasi. Metode: Tinjauan literatur naratif terstruktur dengan pendekatan sintesis konseptual dilakukan melalui pencarian literatur pada PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, dan Google Scholar terhadap studi yang dipublikasikan pada tahun 2021–2026. Studi yang mengevaluasi integrasi genomik, transkriptomik, proteomik, metabolomik, atau epigenomik dengan pendekatan berbasis AI untuk deteksi HCC, stratifikasi risiko, atau prediksi respons terapi dianalisis secara kualitatif. Pembahasan: Bukti terkini menunjukkan bahwa integrasi multi-omics memberikan pemahaman yang lebih komprehensif mengenai heterogenitas molekuler dan trajektori hepatokarsinogenesis dibandingkan pendekatan biomarker tunggal. AI memungkinkan integrasi data multidimensi melalui pemodelan kompleks untuk mendukung stratifikasi risiko dinamis, meningkatkan deteksi dini, serta memprediksi respons imunoterapi. Kesimpulan: Integrasi multi-omics dan AI berpotensi mentransformasi surveilans berbasis risiko dan tata laksana personalisasi HCC terkait MASLD. Namun, validasi prospektif multisenter, standardisasi strategi integrasi data, serta kesiapan infrastruktur kesehatan masih diperlukan untuk implementasi klinis yang lebih luas. Kata kunci: kecerdasan buatan; karsinoma hepatoseluler; MASLD; multi-omics; hepatologi presisi
Front & Back Matter_V8I1 scripta
SCRIPTA SCORE Scientific Medical Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): SCRIPTA SCORE Scientific Medical Journal
Publisher : Talenta Publisher

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Abstract

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