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International Association of Lowland Technology In Collaboration with Hasanuddin University and Saga University Address Faculty of Engineering, Center of Technology Building, 1st Floor Jalan Poros Malino km. 6, Bontomarannu, Gowa Indonesia Postal Code: 91711
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Lowland Technology International
Published by International Association of Lowland Technology
ISSN : 13449656     EISSN : 21878870     DOI : https://doi.org/10.0001/ialt_lti
Core Subject : Engineering,
Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Engineering Transportation
The Lowland Technology International Journal presents activity and research developments in Geotechnical Engineering, Water Resources Engineering, Structural Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Urban Planning, Coastal Engineering, Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering.
Arjuna Subject : Teknik (semua kategori) - Teknik Sipil dan Struktur
Articles 10 Documents
 1 
Search results for , issue "Vol 7 No 1, June (2005)" : 10 Documents clear
THE APPLICATION OF NORMALITY RULE AND ENERGY BALANCE EQUATIONS FOR NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED CLAYS A. S. Balasubramaniam; E. Y. N. Oh; M. Bolton
Lowland Technology International Vol 7 No 1, June (2005)
Publisher : International Association of Lowland Technology

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Abstract

In this paper, it is reiterated that the Roscoe and Poorooshasb (1963) formulation of the stress strain behaviour of normally consolidated clays is indeed in a more generalized form which is easily amenable to incorporate deformations under various degrees of drainage and can be extended to include cyclic loading and time effects beyond the primary phase of deformation. Also, the formulation can be used for stress states below the state boundary surface to include lightly overconsolidated and heavily overconsolidated clays. Particularly, it is shown here that Cam Clay model of Roscoe et al. (1963) and Modified Cam Clay model of Roscoe and Burland (1968) as based on energy balance equations and the normality concept can be considered as the special cases of the original formulation of Roscoe and Poorooshasb (1963). In order to achieve this, all theories are presented in similar mathematical forms, adopting the same formulation of Roscoe and Poorooshasb (1963). Modified Cam Clay Model of Roscoe and Burland, and the Roscoe and Poorooshasb theory made identical predictions of the shape of the state boundary surface, the pore pressure development during undrained behaviour, and the volumetric strain in the drained tests for all types of applied stress paths. Also, Modified Cam Clay model was only successful in predicting the shear strains along radial stress paths. For non-radial stress paths, Modified Cam Clay model needed an additional set of constant deviator stress yield loci, and when such a set was incorporated, the prediction from Modified Cam Clay model was the same as the original prediction of Roscoe and Poorooshasb (1963).
THERMAL CONSOLIDATION OF SOFT BANGKOK CLAY H. M. Abuel-Naga; D. T. Bergado; S. Soralump; P. Rujivipat
Lowland Technology International Vol 7 No 1, June (2005)
Publisher : International Association of Lowland Technology

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Abstract

Understanding the thermo-mechanical behavior of saturated fine grained soils has become a very important topic whenever the geotechnical problems involve thermal effects. Previous research works in literature show that by subjecting the saturated fine-grained soils to temperature less than water boiling point volumetric and shear strength changes are induced. The thermally induced changes have been attributed to the physico-chemical change at the microscopic level. The aim of this research is to study the thermo-mechanical behavior of natural soft Bangkok clay, with temperature up to 90OC. Intensive laboratory tests using modified oedometer apparatus were conducted to investigate this behavior. The testing program was directed to study the effect of heat on the thermally induced volume change at different temperature and stress conditions, the thermal evolution of the preconsolidation pressure, the induced overconsolidation behavior after heating/cooling cycle, and the effect of temperature on the hydraulic conductivity. The experiments carried out on soft Bangkok clay provided some additional useful data on the thermo-mechanical behavior of the soft deposits. The results of this research work have been compared with those in literature with different clay types to generalize the thermo-mechanical behavior of the saturated clays.
UNCONSTRAINED CITY DEVELOPMENT USING THE EXTENSION OF STOCHASTIC EDEN SIMULATION K. Teknomo; G. P. Gerilla; K. Hokao; L. Benguigui
Lowland Technology International Vol 7 No 1, June (2005)
Publisher : International Association of Lowland Technology

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Abstract

In the quest for a special tool for lowland urban growth model, we have developed a model of a city based on the analogy of biological cell growth using the extension of the stochastic growth Eden simulation. In this paper, we described the theoretical observable fact on how a city grows if the land is flat and there is no natural barrier for the development. Similar researches on cellular urban growth are reviewed and we showed how they are different from our model. Urban growth model development using the extension of the Eden model as analogues to biological cell growth is explained. The model is applied to simulate a hypothetical unconstrained city development. The simulation results shows that for a mono-centric city without any development constraint, the expansion rate of the city area is equivalent to the ratio of the perimeter per area of the city. This result may be useful to predict the approximategrowth rate of any city without any prior knowledge of the historical data. Furthermore, it was found that the growth of an unconstrained city is almost circular with a decreasing rate of the mean radius growth.
1D ANALYSIS OF LAND SUBSIDENCE IN SHANGHAI J.-C. Chai; S.-L. Shen; H.-H. Zhu; X.-L. Zhang
Lowland Technology International Vol 7 No 1, June (2005)
Publisher : International Association of Lowland Technology

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Abstract

Land subsidence in Shanghai is investigated. The subsidence was mainly caused by excessive withdrawal of groundwater and since 1921, the measured subsidence was 2 to 3 m in the central area of the city. One-dimensional (1D) finite element consolidation analyses were conducted to simulate and predict the subsidence at Point-A, eastern part of Shanghai. The analysis result fairly simulated the field measured tendency and it indicates that the compression of the mucky clay layer, the silty clay layer in aquitard I and the third compression layer (aquitard II) contributes about 80% of the total subsidence. Also, it is shown numerically that for consolidation caused by groundwater level drawdown in an aquifer, the final state is a steady state water flow toward the aquifer, and the relative values of hydraulic conductivity of clayey layers above the aquifer have an important effect on calculated amount of settlement. Further, three possible scenarios were assumed for discussing the future subsidence. In the case of maintaining the groundwater level as it was in 2001, the predicted subsidence in 50 years is only about 2 mm. In the case of continuous drawdown of groundwater (1 m/year for aquifer IV and V, 0.5 m/year for aquifers II and III, and 0.2 m/year for aquifer I), in 50 years the predicted subsidence is about 1.25 m. If the groundwater level is recovered to zero elevation in all aquifers in the next 50 years, the predicted amount of heave is about 0.20 m.
INVESTIGATION ON SOME FACTORS CONTROLLING THE SORPTION OF HEAVY METALS ON ARIAKE CLAY Y. J. Du; S. Hayashi
Lowland Technology International Vol 7 No 1, June (2005)
Publisher : International Association of Lowland Technology

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Abstract

Sorption of contaminant is one of the key mechanisms in controlling transport of contaminant in clay barrier. In this study, the potential sorption of heavy metals on Ariake clay, which is a typical Japanese marine clay, is examined. Two types of heavy metals, Cd2+ and Pb2+, were selected as key contaminants and series of batch tests were performed for investigating factors controlling the sorption of Cd2+ and Pb2+ on Ariake clay. The batch test results show that the sorption of Cd2+ and Pb2+ on the Ariake clay arrived at an equilibrium condition less than the contact time prescribed by the ASTM and US EPA standards. It is found that the sorption was significantly controlled by the solid: solution ratio. With the increase in the solid: solution ratio, the sorption of Cd2+ decreased. The batch test results show that the sorption of Cd2+ increased with the increase in the pH of solution. The influence of pH on the sorption was found to be solid: solution-dependent. At relatively lower solid: solution ratio, the sorption of Cd2+ increased with increasing pH, whereas it marginally increased at relatively higher solid: solution ratio. It is concluded that the solid: solution ratio could be the crucial factor for controlling the sorption of heavy metals on the Ariake clay.
PREDICTION OF THE DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR OF SAND SUBJECTED TO GENERAL CYCLIC LOADING BY THE TANGENTIAL-SUBLOADING SURFACE MODEL H. Setouchi; K. Hashiguchi; M. Ueno
Lowland Technology International Vol 7 No 1, June (2005)
Publisher : International Association of Lowland Technology

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Abstract

The traditional elastoplastic constitutive equations can not generally describe the inelastic deformation considering the magnitude and the direction of the stress rate. Therefore, the stiffness is unrealistically predicted in thenonproportional loading. The tangential-subloading surface model by Hashiguchi and Tsutsumi (2001) can describe the dependence of both the magnitude and the direction of the inelastic strain rate on the stress rate. In this paper, the tangential strain rate induced by the stress rate component tangential to the yield surface is incorporated into the extended subloading surface model to describe the cyclic loading behavior. The model is applied to the prediction of the deformation behavior of sand subjected to general cyclic loading including the proportional and nonproportional loadings. The validity of the model is verified by comparing with experimental results.
NORMALIZATION OF STRESS-STRAIN CURVES FROM CRS CONSOLIDATION TEST AND ITS APPLICATION TO CONSOLIDATION ANALYSIS K. Suzuki; K. Yasuhara
Lowland Technology International Vol 7 No 1, June (2005)
Publisher : International Association of Lowland Technology

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Abstract

The results of Constant Rate of Strain (CRS) consolidation test carried out at 0.02 %/min are normalized in order to produce stress-strain curves corresponding to strain rates slower than 0.02%/min. The normalizing procedure consists of two steps: 1) define the curve corresponding to OCR=1, and 2) normalize the difference between the curves defined in the first step and that directly obtained from CRS test. The resulting stress-strain curves are applied to the consolidation analysis of a marine clay deposit loaded by a test embankment. The comparison between the observed field behavior and the consolidation analysis presented here suggests that the normalizing procedure demonstrated the usefulness of CRS consolidation test in consolidation analysis.
LONG-TERM SETTLEMENT BEHAVIOR OF MULTI-STORY BUILDINGS ON SOFT SUBSOIL IN SHANGHAI J. J. Chen; J. H. Wang; S. L. Shen; H. B. Zhou
Lowland Technology International Vol 7 No 1, June (2005)
Publisher : International Association of Lowland Technology

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Abstract

The soft deposit in Shanghai is a multilayered formation due to different sedimentary environments and eras. This soft deposit has high compressibility, and the buildings on it undergo long-term settlement. Most of the multistory buildings in Shanghai are built on natural soft subsoil with a shallow foundation. This paper presents the settlement behavior of 50 multi-story buildings based on long-term observed data. According to the characteristics of the soil profile in various areas, the subsoil condition is categorized into four zones: “hard” Zone, “normal” Zone, “soft” Zone, and “very-soft” Zone. The results of observations of settlement on these four types of subsoil over a long term are presented and compared. Statistical analysis is employed to analyze the observed settlement of various subsoils, including final settlement and the developing process of settlement. In order to investigate the effect on settlement behavior of the thickness of very soft clay layers in the four zones, the relationship between the thickness ratio of soft clay layer Rs and the long-term settlement of buildings is obtained through an analysis of all records. With the increase of Rs, the final settlement and settlement duration increase; however, the settlement during construction decreases. These results can be applied in research on the settlement mechanism and can be used to judge the possible settlement range and provide a design scheme for multi-story buildings in the soft clay region.
ELECTROREMEDIATION OF ZN(II) CONTAMINATED SOFT BANGKOK CLAY WITH CATHODE DEPOLARIZATION TECHNIQUE P. Asavadorndeja; K. E. Roehl; U. Glawe; L. Sthapit
Lowland Technology International Vol 7 No 1, June (2005)
Publisher : International Association of Lowland Technology

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Abstract

Four electrokinetic experiments were performed to examine the application of electrokinetic remediation to remove heavy metals from the soft Bangkok clay. The experiments were carried out by applying a direct-current electric field of 20 V through the soil loaded with Zn(II) at the level of 1,000 mg per kg for 3 and 7 days. In addition, the cathode depolarization technique, in which hydroxide ions generated from electrolysis reactions are eliminated by flushing acidic solution into a cathode reservoir, was introduced to improve the efficiency of electrokinetic remediation. The experiment results showed that only electrokinetic remediation was able to remove 82 percent of the contaminants in a period of one week. During this period, the combination of electrokinetic remediation with the cathode depolarization technique has raised the removal efficiency after 7 days of the treatment by 15 percent while the energy expenditure was slightly increased from 273 kWh per m3 to 301 kWh per m 3 . Therefore, the application of electrokinetic remediation with the cathode depolarization technique can be considered as an efficient ground remediation method for the soft Bangkok clay.
RUDIMENTARY RESEARCH ON THE UNIVERSAL DESIGN OF URBAN SPATIAL INFORMATION CONSIDERING THE BEHAVIOR OF FOREIGNERS J. Ge; K. Hokao
Lowland Technology International Vol 7 No 1, June (2005)
Publisher : International Association of Lowland Technology

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Abstract

Some rudimentary researches on the design of urban spatial information from the viewpoint of foreigners were performed through the case study of Saga City, Japan. By means of questionnaire survey, on-site investigation and route-searching experiment, the present condition, especially the problems of the urban spatial information for the behavior of foreigners were analyzed and grasped, and some principles of the design of urban spatial information considering the behavior of foreigners were proposed, which could be regarded as the extension of the concept of universal design. The results of the research can not only provide the basic data for the design and improvement of urban spatial information, but also can help to enlarge the concept of universal design by considering the factor of foreigners in wider fields.

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