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Automotive Experiences
Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang
ISSN : 26156202     EISSN : 26156636     DOI : 10.31603/ae
Core Subject : Science, Engineering,
Aerospace Engineering Automotive Engineering Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Control & Systems Engineering Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering
Automotive experiences invite researchers to contribute ideas on the main scope of Emerging automotive technology and environmental issues; Efficiency (fuel, thermal and mechanical); Vehicle safety and driving comfort; Automotive industry and supporting materials; Vehicle maintenance and technical skills; and Transportation policies, systems, and road users behavior.
Arjuna Subject : Teknik (semua kategori) - Teknik Otomotif
Articles 272 Documents
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The Influence of Aluminum Thickness on Energy Absorption and Stability of Circular Crash Box Performance Under Axial Load Diah Wulandari; Harus Laksana Guntur; Sigit Tri Wicaksono; Willy Artha Wirawan
Automotive Experiences Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.15149

Abstract

The need for improved vehicle safety, particularly in the face of rising road traffic accidents, makes the optimization of crash box designs crucial. This study addresses the impact performance of circular cross-section crash boxes, focusing on how variations in aluminum thickness affect energy absorption and deformation behavior under axial impact loading. A combination of numerical simulations and experimental tests was used to evaluate the crash box performance across different aluminum thicknesses ranging from 1 mm to 3 mm. The results show that increasing thickness improves energy absorption, with the 3 mm thick specimen absorbing the highest energy of 7.3089 kJ, while the 1 mm specimen absorbed only 1.1018 kJ. However, thicker specimens exhibited higher peak forces and force fluctuations, suggesting potential instability after the peak load, while intermediate thicknesses 1.5 mm and 2 mm provided a better balance of energy absorption and structural stability. This research contributes to the development of more efficient crash box designs by providing insights into the optimal material thickness for crashworthiness, with a recommended thickness range of 1.5 mm to 2 mm.
Socio-Environmental Evaluation of Overload Truck: Carbon Emissions, Carbon Tax, and Policy Intention Perspectives Jasmine, Tamara Latifah; Prilandita, Niken; Putro, Heru Purboyo Hidayat; Yudoko, Gatot
Automotive Experiences Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.16388

Abstract

The issue of global warming and the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂) represents a significant environmental challenge, with the transportation sector contributing approximately 23% of global greenhouse gas emissions. One of the crucial problems is the operation of Over-Dimension Over-Load (ODOL) trucks, which generate serious negative environmental and social impacts. This study conducts a socio-environmental evaluation of ODOL trucks from the perspectives of carbon emissions and carbon tax, and further analyzes the acceptance of the Zero ODOL and Carbon Tax policies in Indonesia. The technical evaluation involves simulates fuel consumption, CO₂ emissions, and carbon tax burdens based on ODOL truck travel data. Meanwhile, the social evaluation is conducted through a survey of two respondent groups, namely truck drivers (97 respondents) and the general public (214 respondents), using a questionnaire that integrates constructs from the Health Belief Model (HBM), risk perception, user cost, law enforcement knowledge (LEK), and the Policy Acceptance Model (PAM). The technical findings indicate that ODOL trucks have higher fuel consumption, CO₂ emissions, and carbon tax burdens compared to non-ODOL trucks. From the social perspective, acceptance of the Zero ODOL policy is influenced by different determinants across the two groups. For drivers, policy acceptance is highly sensitive to economic-based instruments such as carbon tax and knowledge of sanctions. In contrast, the general public is more driven by safety perception, traffic order, and the social impacts of road disturbances. These findings emphasize the importance of tailored policy implementation strategies, where economic incentive–based approaches are more effective for drivers, while safety- and public order–based approaches are more resonant for the public.
Modulating Factors in the Development of Motion Sickness in Transportation Vehicles: Malaysia Case Study Sefee, Mohd Iyad Akmal Mohd Indra; Karjanto, Juffrizal; Hasan, Muhammad Zahir; Ahmad, Fauzi; Zulkifli, Abd Fathul Hakim; Sulaiman, Syabillah; Jawi, Zulhaidi Mohd; Rauterberg, Matthias
Automotive Experiences Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.14475

Abstract

Motion sickness (MS) is a common issue for vehicle passengers, characterized by symptoms such as nausea, dizziness, and discomfort due to sensory conflicts between the visual and vestibular systems. This study aims to identify and quantify the modulating factors contributing to MS in vehicles within the Malaysian context. A systematic questionnaire was conducted, incorporating subjective feedback from 634 participants. The results highlight key factors like seating position, visual activities, and environmental conditions that influence MS susceptibility showing the most prominent factors are from Visual Activity with a mean of 3.44 among the others contributing most susceptibility from the activities of Reading (83.2%) and Writing (79.2%). Older people and females seemed to report greater susceptibility to motion sickness. This vulnerability is shown to increase with age as those 45+ years and above show the highest susceptibility, reporting a 69% rate on curvy roads and 66% during reading, in contrast with those between 18-29 who report a 52% and 50% susceptibility rate. Females again reported consistently higher rates than males, with the difference being larger in situations involving rear-facing seating or tasks requiring significant visual focus, such as reading (female 63% vs. male 46%) and driving on curvy roads (female 68% vs. male 50%). These factors of rear-facing seating and tasks involving intense visual focus, like reading or watching videos, were the strongest modulators identified, with a strong aggravating influence on symptoms across all groups. The findings provide crucial baselines for engineering future vehicle layouts, optimizing cabin climate systems, and designing targeted mitigation systems required to support human comfort and accelerate Automated Vehicle (AV) adoption in developing transport infrastructures.
Enhancing CAN Bus Security via Lightweight Hardware‑Based Identifier Randomization Darouiche, Mohammed Saad; Tazi, Elbachir
Automotive Experiences Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.15497

Abstract

The controller area network (CAN) communication protocol used in vehicles relies on fixed message identifiers, which makes it vulnerable against frame injection and replay attacks. This study proposes an efficient lightweight hardware method that randomizes the identifier while preserving the priority rules that control bus arbitration. The design is implemented in a hardware description language (Verilog) and uses a linear feedback shift register (LFSR) as the randomization engine. The upper four bits of the identifier are kept unchanged to retain priority, where the lower seven bits are randomized. The module supports reseeding from a cryptographically secure random source. However, for the baseline statistical evaluation, reseeding was intentionally disabled to measure the intrinsic distribution. The design was evaluated using Xilinx Vivado environment. Statistical analysis was performed on 8,188 randomized ID, achieving a Shannon entropy of 6.999978 bits (maximum 7), and a chi‑square goodness‑of‑fit test that showed no detectable deviation from a uniform distribution (  = 0.2482, -value ≈ 1). Synthesis to a Artix-7 field‑programmable device reported only 15 lookup tables and 23 flip-flops (<0.1% of resources), with a maximum operating frequency of 482 MHz, indicating a minimal hardware footprint. The mechanism was further validated on a physical CAN testbed confirming protection against replay and spoofing attempts, while the mechanism added no measurable bus or timing overhead. These results show that simple, hardware‑level identifier randomization can strengthen in‑vehicle communication while keeping arbitration behaviour intact and without requiring protocol changes.
Effect of Moisture Content on Boiling Point Characteristics and Bubble Formation in DOT 4 and 5.1 Brake Fluid Wijayanta, Setya; Prakosa, Dzaki Putra
Automotive Experiences Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.15640

Abstract

The performance of hydraulic braking systems is strongly influenced by the condition of brake fluid, particularly boiling point and tendency to form vapor bubbles that may lead to vapor lock. Glycol-based brake fluids, such as DOT 4 and 5.1, are hygroscopic, causing moisture content to increase over their service life. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effect of moisture percentage on boiling point and bubble formation characteristics of DOT 4 and 5.1 brake fluid. An experimental method was applied by adding distilled water to brake fluid at varying concentrations of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%, followed by gradual heating. The boiling point was recorded using a temperature sensor connected to a data logger. At the same time, bubble formation was visually observed during the heating process using a high-speed camera with a frame rate of 240 fps. The recorded images during the analysis were subsequently examined using ImageJ processing software. The results showed that increasing moisture content led to a significant reduction in boiling point for both types of brake fluid. At identical temperature levels, fluids with higher moisture content indicated larger bubble volume formation. These results indicated that moisture content played a critical role in degrading the thermal performance of brake fluid and increased the risk of vapor lock in automotive braking systems.
Crashworthiness of Thin-Walled Structures: Influence of Materials, Geometry, Manufacturing Processes and Loading Conditions Ardiansyah, Riki; Istiyanto, Jos; Adhitya, Mohammad; Muttaqie, Teguh
Automotive Experiences Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.16034

Abstract

Crashworthiness is a critical requirement for lightweight structures in automotive, electric vehicle and aerospace applications, where efficient energy absorption and controlled force transmission are essential. This review looks at more than 100 experimental, numerical, and analytical studies published between 2013 and 2025. It focuses on how materials, geometry, manufacturing processes, and loading conditions work together to affect the crashworthiness of thin-walled structures. Using a PRISMA inspired systematic narrative review combined with bibliometric and thematic analyses, key performance metrics: peak crushing force (PCF), mean crushing force (MCF), energy absorption (EA), specific energy absorption (SEA) and crushing force efficiency (CFE) are evaluated across metals, polymers, composites and hybrid systems, as well as non-tapered, tapered geometries under quasi-static and dynamic loading. The reviewed studies show that crashworthiness is best improved through a good combination of material, geometry, manufacturing quality and loading conditions. Hybrid structures are particularly promising, but their performance depends heavily on the interface quality, shape, and testing conditions.
Effect of Operating Conditions on Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Performance: A One-Dimensional Mathematical Model Applied to an Electric Motorcycle Do, Tan-Thich; Vi, Trung-Kien
Automotive Experiences Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.16149

Abstract

The performance of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is strongly influenced by its operating conditions. In this study, a one-dimensional (1-D) mathematical model is developed to investigate PEMFC performance while explicitly accounting for water transport within the fuel cell during operation. The results demonstrate that the cell output performance is significantly affected by key operating parameters, including operating temperature, operating pressure, membrane thickness, exchange current density, and charge transfer coefficient. In addition, gas species transport and water management are incorporated into the model. The developed model is further applied to evaluate and analyze the dynamic performance characteristics of a hydrogen fuel cell electric motorcycle, including hydrogen consumption, water generation, and energy efficiency under the World Motorcycle Test Cycle (WMTC). This study provides a meaningful framework for predicting and designing the dynamic performance of hydrogen fuel cell electric motorcycles under realistic operating conditions.
Pathways to Electric Two-Wheeler Adoption in Emerging Markets: A Scoping Review and Empirical Validation of Consumer Behaviour Wibowo, Agus Hindarto; Singgih, Moses Laksono; Wirjodirdjo, Budisantoso
Automotive Experiences Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.16387

Abstract

The electrification of two-wheelers (E2Ws) is increasingly recognised as a high-impact decarbonisation strategy in emerging Asian markets, where motorcycles are the dominant mode of transport. However, the literature remains fragmented, and behavioural studies consistently report a persistent gap between stated adoption intentions and actual purchase behaviour. This study provides a robust empirical proxy to address these limitations through a two-phase hybrid approach: a scoping review and bibliometric analysis (ScoRBA) of 278 Scopus-indexed articles, synthesised using the PAGER framework, followed by empirical validation via a multi-model machine learning approach applied to a stated-preference dataset of 6,040 respondents from Solo, Indonesia. Bibliometric mapping identified three core socio-technical research clusters. The empirical analysis revealed a finding that departs substantially from prevailing assumptions: Perceived E-bike Quality, not financial incentives or operational costs, emerged as the dominant predictor of adoption. While initially identified via a baseline Decision Tree, this dominance was robustly validated across advanced ensemble algorithms and confirmed via SHAP analysis (Mean |SHAP Value| = 17.88%). Correctly situated within the technology perception dimension of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), this variable's dominance implies a sequential cognitive architecture: technology credibility must be established before economic evaluation becomes relevant. Consequently, policymakers in similar motorcycle-dominated transitional markets should prioritise quality certification and demonstration programmes before deploying purchase subsidies at scale.
Rheological Behaviour of SiO2/PAO Nanolubricant for an Electric-Driven Compressor Automotive Air-Conditioning System Rahman, Muhammad Aminullah Abdul; Azmi, Wan Hamzah; Ramadhan, Anwar Ilmar
Automotive Experiences Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.16357

Abstract

Compressor lubricants play a crucial role in refrigeration systems by controlling friction, sealing effectiveness, and heat removal, with lubricant viscosity a key parameter that affects hydrodynamic losses and energy efficiency. This study aimed to systematically characterise the rheological behaviour of silicon dioxide/polyalphaolefin (SiO₂/PAO) nanolubricants under compressor operating conditions. SiO₂/PAO nanolubricants with concentrations of 0.01–0.03% were prepared using a two-step method without the use of surfactants, and dynamic viscosity measurements were conducted over a temperature range of 25 to 100 °C and shear rate from 549 to 4320 s⁻¹. The experimental data were further used to understand the viscosity trends under thermal and shear conditions. Both PAO lubricant and SiO₂/PAO nanolubricants exhibited Newtonian rheological behaviour. The incorporation of SiO₂ nanoparticles led to controlled, concentration-dependent changes in viscosity. The 0.01% SiO₂/PAO nanolubricant exhibited the smallest viscosity change (0.7%) even at high temperatures and shear rates, compared with higher concentrations. The findings show that low-concentration SiO₂/PAO nanolubricants, especially at 0.01%, offer good rheological stability with minimal viscosity penalty, providing an advantage to the electric-driven compressor automotive air-conditioning system (EDC-AAC) by reducing compressor work by 3.5%.
Toward Diesel-Range Fuel Properties: Catalytic Upgrading of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel over Acid-Activated Bentonite Rochman, Muhammad Latifur; Hamidi, Nurkholis; Winarto
Automotive Experiences Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.15630

Abstract

Waste cooking oil (WCO)-derived biodiesel represents a promising renewable fuel because it simultaneously supports waste valorization, reduces dependence on petroleum-derived diesel, and lowers feedstock costs. However, its relatively high viscosity, oxygenated ester structure, and lower energy density compared with conventional diesel can limit its fuel performance. Most existing upgrading strategies address these limitations through catalytic cracking or deoxygenation at temperatures above 250–350 °C, frequently involving pressurized hydrogen and extensive conversion of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) into hydrocarbon-rich fuels, leaving limited understanding of whether biodiesel properties can instead be improved through low-severity treatment while preserving its FAME-rich character. This study investigated H₂-free mild catalytic upgrading of WCO-derived biodiesel using untreated bentonite and HCl-activated bentonite at catalyst loadings of 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, and 0.80 wt% in a rotary reactor operated at 150 °C for 1 h, followed by density, kinematic viscosity, calorific value, flash point, FTIR, and GC–MS analyses. The treatment caused only negligible variation in density, from 0.842 g/cm³ for the initial biodiesel to 0.843–0.844 g/cm³ after upgrading, indicating that the bulk molecular characteristics of the fuel were largely retained, while the kinematic viscosity decreased substantially from 4.94 cSt to minimum values of 3.54 and 3.55 cSt at 0.20 and 0.40 wt%, respectively. The calorific value increased from 41.46 MJ/kg to a maximum of 42.39 MJ/kg at 0.80 wt%, corresponding to an improvement of approximately 2.24%, while the 0.60 and 0.80 wt% samples exhibited flash points of 57.5 and 56.5 °C, respectively. GC–MS analysis revealed a compositional redistribution from 65.48% FAME and 16.13% aliphatic hydrocarbons in the initial biodiesel to approximately 53.46% FAME and 28.48% aliphatic hydrocarbons at 0.80 wt%; meanwhile, the 0.40 wt% sample showed the formation of approximately 3.80% C12 hydrocarbons, consistent with its lower viscosity and greater volatility. FTIR spectra retained the characteristic ester C=O and long-chain aliphatic bands, supporting limited molecular transformation rather than extensive destruction of the FAME framework. These findings demonstrate that low-temperature, low-catalyst-loading bentonite treatment can selectively redistribute biodiesel components and tune fuel properties without deep conversion, providing a low-severity upgrading pathway that bridges conventional biodiesel processing and high-temperature hydrocarbon-fuel production.

Page 27 of 28 | Total Record : 272

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