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Automotive Experiences
Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang
ISSN : 26156202     EISSN : 26156636     DOI : 10.31603/ae
Core Subject : Science, Engineering,
Aerospace Engineering Automotive Engineering Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Control & Systems Engineering Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering
Automotive experiences invite researchers to contribute ideas on the main scope of Emerging automotive technology and environmental issues; Efficiency (fuel, thermal and mechanical); Vehicle safety and driving comfort; Automotive industry and supporting materials; Vehicle maintenance and technical skills; and Transportation policies, systems, and road users behavior.
Arjuna Subject : Teknik (semua kategori) - Teknik Otomotif
Articles 262 Documents
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Effect of Manufacturing Route and Fiber Orientation on the Mechanical Performance of Carbon Fiber Composites for Automotive Lightweight Components Kosim Abdurohman; Mohammad Adhitya; Jos Istiyanto; Farohaji Kurniawan; Mohammad Habibullah; Rialdi Agustian; Mikhael Gilang Pribadi Putra Pratama; Agus Bayu Utama; Rian Suari Aritonang
Automotive Experiences Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026): Issue in Progress
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.16310

Abstract

This work evaluates the impact of manufacturing method and fiber orientation on the mechanical properties of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) for automotive applications. CFRP composites were fabricated using vacuum bagging (VB), vacuum-assisted resin infusion (VARI), and hand lay-up (HLU) processes. Composites in each method were manufactured with 0° and 90° fiber orientations for compressive and tensile tests, and ±45° for in-plane shear response by tensile test. Short beam and V-notched beam tests were performed to determine the interlaminar shear and shear properties. Microstructural characterization was performed on the manufactured composites and the fracture specimens after testing. Unlike previous studies that mainly focused on selected mechanical properties or a single manufacturing route, this study provides a comprehensive comparative assessment of HLU, VB, and VARI unidirectional CFRP laminates by integrating mechanical characterization, CT-scan defect analysis, SEM observations, and finite element validation. The findings reveal that superior laminate compactness and tensile-related properties achieved by VARI do not necessarily translate into higher interlaminar shear strength, providing new insight into the role of manufacturing-induced laminate architecture on composite performance. The study results showed that composites manufactured with vacuum infusion using 0° and ±45° fiber direction had higher tensile strength and stiffness than those fabricated with vacuum bagging and hand lay-up. The ultimate tensile strengths of the 0° CFRP composites for HLU, VB, and VARI specimens are 507.72 ± 52.14 MPa, 685.69 ± 62.65 MPa, and 774.31 ± 58.18 MPa, respectively. Meanwhile, for the 45° CFRP composite specimens, the tensile strength values were measured as 20.85 ± 0.82 MPa for HLU, 21.20 ± 0.45 MPa for VB, and 22.18 ± 0.81 MPa for VARI. However, at 90° fiber direction, the manufacturing method did not significantly affect the tensile strength, although the tensile modulus was still affected by the method used. The compressive strength results of the 0° composites showed that hand lay-up specimens (124.8 ± 13.1 MPa) had the highest values, while vacuum infusion specimens had the highest compressive strength at 90° fiber direction (44.60 ± 0.82 MPa). The vacuum infusion composites had lower shear (15.31 ± 1.01 MPa) and interlaminar shear strength (13.68 ± 0.85 MPa), indicating that the high fiber volume fraction did not significantly affect this behavior. However, it has a significant effect on composite stiffness, where the tensile (39.31 ± 4.58 GPa) and shear (1.50 ± 0.15 GPa) modulus values of these composites are the highest. Microstructural evaluation showed that the improvement of resin distribution and fiber/matrix bonding in vacuum infusion composites contributed to the improvement in mechanical properties.
Experimental Analysis of a Hybrid-Configured Battery Thermal Management System Using Paraffin Oil and Fan Muhammad Firdaus Jauhari; Sairaji Sairaji; Ary Hewu Hawino; Zaky Abdillah; Bambang Sudarmanta; Mohammad Khoirul Effendi; Kristian Ismail
Automotive Experiences Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.13403

Abstract

The study investigates the effectiveness of a Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) using a hybrid configuration of paraffin oil and fan cooling. The research employs a comparative test method to evaluate the BTMS's potential in managing the thermal conditions of lithium-ion batteries, commonly used in electric vehicles. The study is conducted under three configurations: hybrid cooling with paraffin oil and fan, passive cooling with paraffin oil, and no cooling system. The ambient and liquid temperatures are measured, alongside battery voltage changes over a 60-minute period. The results indicate that the hybrid cooling system effectively maintains lower battery temperatures compared to passive and no cooling systems. Specifically, the hybrid system achieves an average ambient temperature of 33.344°C and a paraffin oil temperature of 32.982°C, demonstrating its superior cooling capability. The study concludes that the hybrid BTMS can significantly enhance battery performance and longevity by maintaining optimal temperature conditions, thus offering a viable solution for improving the efficiency and safety of electric vehicle batteries. This research has implications for the development of more effective thermal management systems in electric vehicles, potentially leading to increased adoption and improved sustainability in the automotive industry.
The Effect of Perpendicular Lamp Position on Normal Plane Alignment for Light Distribution and Coverage in Adaptive Headlamps During Complex Driving Scenarios Ian Hardianto Siahaan; I Nyoman Sutantra; I Made Londen Batan
Automotive Experiences Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.14602

Abstract

Due to decreased visibility and an increased chance of accidents, driving at night requires increased vigilance. Drivers must be equipped to handle various road and terrain conditions, such as declines, inclines, turns, straight paths, and combinations. Following the law and ethical driving standards is crucial in these circumstances. Inadequate street illumination, poor lighting, and inexperienced drivers are all common causes of accidents. The risks increase at night when little ambient lighting reduces visibility. This study investigates the distribution of light intensity and illumination radius via a factorial design derived from headlamp activation configuration scenarios, simulated in MATLAB software, and validated using experimental test results. The results show that driver focus and vision range improve dramatically, particularly when the lights are triggered on flat roads, during turns, climbs, and combinations of these actions, by the New ADHL's headlamp activation configuration. Simulation-based activation of main and auxiliary light configurations shows that the New ADHL outperforms traditional headlamps, effectively addressing insufficient illumination to prevent nighttime accidents and providing a coverage radius of more than 3.5 m at the lowest intensity detectable by the driver.
Influence of Driver-Steering Wheel Distance on Multi-Body-Region Injury Outcomes in Frontal Crashes Using Finite Element Analysis Polpity Arachchige Kavishanka Priyabasan Indrajith; Muhammad Zahir Hassan; Juffrizal Karjanto
Automotive Experiences Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.14619

Abstract

The objective of this paper was to investigate the influence of driver seating distance on injury outcome. The study employed controlled finite element analysis using a virtual dummy and a mid-sized sedan to examine the isolated effect of driver seating distance on injury severity. Three simulations were conducted by varying the seating distance from the closest position to the farthest position (corresponding horizontal positions from chest to steering distances 308 mm, 358 mm, and 408 mm, respectively), while maintaining an identical frontal crash into a rigid wall. Injury severity was analyzed using established biomechanical injury criteria, including Head Injury Criterion (HIC15) for head trauma, maximum rib deflection (Rmax) and Principal Component score for chest injury, anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and acetabulum forces for pelvic injury, and Tibia Index for lower extremity injury. The simulation results revealed that the driver's seating distance influenced the selected body regions in a distinct pattern. Contrary to the conventional assumption, the intermediate position produced the highest head injury risk (HIC15 = 824.5), compared to the closed position (HIC15 = 693.4) and the farthest position (HIC15 = 749.9). In the chest, the closest position (Rmax = 87.2mm) contributed 6.6% higher rib deflection than the farthest position (Rmax = 81.8mm). Conversely, pelvic loading (ASIS force) increased by 9.1% with increased seating distance (from the closest to the farthest position). Lower extremity injury risk was highest in the closest position due to early knee-dashboard contact. These results indicate that the distance between the driver and the steering wheel affects the injury risk to the occupant in a distinct manner rather than uniformly increasing or decreasing overall injury severity. The optimal seating position varies by body region due to differences in restraint system interaction timing, load distribution patterns, and contact mechanics, emphasizing the need for position-specific injury mitigation strategies.
Aerodynamics Performance of Pickup Trucks with and without Covering Cargo Using CFD Analysis Ruhendran S. Mahendran; Izuan Amin Ishak; Mohammad Arafat; Nurshafinaz Mohd Maruai; Nur Haziqah Shaharuddin; Shaiful Fadzil Zainal Abidin; Nurizzatul Atikha Rahmat
Automotive Experiences Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.14620

Abstract

This study evaluates the aerodynamic performance of pickup trucks equipped with different cargo cover configurations with the aim of improving fuel efficiency through drag reduction. Previous studies have shown that cargo cover geometry significantly influences vehicle aerodynamics; however, systematic comparisons across multiple cover types and operating speeds remain limited. In this work, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed using ANSYS Fluent with the standard k”“ε turbulence model and a structured mesh to analyse five cargo configurations: open compartment (Case A), bed cover (Case B), canvas cover (Case C), canopy cover (Case D), and camper cover (Case E). Simulations were conducted at vehicle speeds of 70, 90, and 110 km/h. The results indicate that cargo cover geometry has a strong influence on aerodynamic behavior. The canvas cover (Case C) consistently produced the lowest drag coefficient (Cd), ranging from 0.28 to 0.7 across the investigated speeds, due to its streamlined shape and reduced wake turbulence. In contrast, the camper cover (Case E) generated the highest Cd values, ranging from 0.49 to 1.2, as a result of its bulky geometry and pronounced flow separation. For all configurations, Cd increased with vehicle speed, with the camper cover exhibiting the largest rate of increase. Flow visualizations further confirmed that the camper cover produced large vortical structures and an extended wake region, whereas the canvas cover effectively reduced wake size and turbulence intensity. The novelty of this study lies in the systematic comparison of five commonly used pickup truck cargo cover configurations across multiple speeds, with combined analysis of drag and wake characteristics. The findings provide practical understanding of cargo cover selection by highlighting the aerodynamic trade-offs that influence fuel efficiency and vehicle performance in real-world pickup truck operation.
Synthesis and Characterization of Hybrid Teak Wood/Water Hyacinth Reinforced Polyester Composites for Eco-Friendly Motorcycle-Brake Pad Application Ferry Budhi Susetyo; Rani Anggrainy; Ahmad Lubi; Ahmad Mashuri Sahid; Ahmad Fathurahman; Fitri Kurniawati; Nora'aini Ali; Jan Setiawan
Automotive Experiences Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.14627

Abstract

Non-asbestos materials are developed to replace asbestos as brake pad due to the dangers to human health. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the development of hybrid reinforced polyester composites using natural fibers such as teak wood and water hyacinth for brake pad application. Natural fibers were prepared by drying, cutting, and filtering through a 30-mesh sieve. The quantity of polyester/catalyst resin was fixed at 30 g, while teak wood and water hyacinth fibers were varied (15, 10, and 5 g). Fillers and composites were investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and composites were further analyzed through scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), thermogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry (TGA-DSC), hardness, and wear resistance testing. The results of FTIR spectra showed that a 5TW-15WH sample had the lowest lignin content, while surface morphology of composites was inhomogeneous with few voids and cracks. Based on EDS investigation, carbon (C) and oxygen (O) were the two most abundant elements, indicating lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose as the main components in composites. TGA measurement showed that 15TW-5WH sample had lower weight loss compared to others. Increasing water hyacinth caused a significant improvement in material performance, with 5 g teak wood-15 g water hyacinth in the composite, showing the highest hardness at 71.2 Shore D and lowest wear rate of 5.373 × 10-6 mm2/kg.
Impact-Based Energy Consumption Mitigation by Changing the Light Electric Vehicle Weight on the Drive Cycle Hamdy Abo El Daheb; Ragab Attia Sayed; Mohammad Salah; Mohamed A. Mosbah
Automotive Experiences Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.14668

Abstract

Given the energy challenges facing the world, particularly regarding fossil fuels, therefore, recent years, the demand for electric vehicles has increased. Electric vehicles are one of the innovations that have become environmentally friendly, as it decreases fuel consumption and reduce pollution. As LEVs play an increasingly important role in sustainable urban transport, optimizing their energy efficiency is essential. This study investigates the impact of vehicle weight variation on energy consumption in Light Electric Vehicles form change Weight 800Kg to 1400Kg (LEVs) across one of the drive cycles. Through simulation and modelling, we evaluate the impact of incremental changes in vehicle mass on energy demand during standard driving scenarios, including urban, suburban, and highway profiles. The model research was developed in MATLAB/Simulink. The analysis highlights that vehicle weight significantly affects energy consumption, particularly in stop-and-go urban environments where acceleration demands are higher. Results indicate that reducing LEV weight leads to measurable improvements in energy efficiency, thereby extending range and reducing battery strain. These findings support light-weighting strategies as a practical and impactful method for enhancing LEV performance and sustainability in real-world conditions, and change the energy consumption from 0.011 kWh to 0.017 kWh. These values highlight how increasing vehicle weight leads to higher energy consumption, even under the same driving cycle 500 sec.
Crashworthiness Evaluation of a Parallel 5-Tube Circular Multi-Segment Crash Box with Cutting Die Trigger for Railway Safety Muhammad Vendy Hermawan; Moch. Agus Choiron; Anindito Purnowidodo; Winarto Winarto
Automotive Experiences Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.14952

Abstract

This study presents a crashworthiness evaluation of a Parallel 5-Tube Circular Multi-Segment Crash Box with a cutting die trigger, designed to promote controlled progressive folding for high-speed railway applications. The crash box integrates four primary tubes and one secondary tube in a parallel configuration, featuring multi-segment wall thickness and a die-trigger mechanism designed to initiate controlled folding from the tube’s end. The die acts as a deformation initiator, guiding the folding sequence to occur progressively, thereby improving energy dissipation and reducing peak impact forces. Two impact models, namely the Cutting Die Model (CDM) and the Flat Model (FM), were employed to investigate the combined effects of trigger mechanism, multi-segment wall thickness, and impact direction using validated finite element simulations supported by quasi-static and drop-test experiments. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulations using ANSYS LS-DYNA were conducted to assess key crashworthiness indicators, including maximum crushing force (Fmax), energy absorption (EA), specific energy absorption (SEA), mean crushing force (Fmean), and crushing force efficiency (CFE). Experimental validation through quasi-static and drop tests confirmed the reliability of the simulation results. The findings reveal that the CDM configuration significantly outperforms the FM model, exhibiting lower Fmax and higher EA, SEA, and CFE values. Progressive folding initiated by the die mechanism enables more stable and efficient energy dissipation. Additionally, the impact direction influences deformation behavior, with the t₁”“tâ‚‚ configuration yielding superior performance. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed crash box design in meeting the stringent safety and spatial requirements of modern railway systems.
Ramie-PLA Composite Hollow Sections for EV Chassis: Development and Static Bending Test Mustasyar Perkasa; Tresna Priyana Soemardi; Djoko Wahyu Karmiadji; Yudan Whulanza; Arief Setyawan; Rizky Pratama Mulyana; Arga Agung Nugroho; Wahyu Sulistiyo; Masripah Masripah; Ridho Dwimansyah; Makmuri Makmuri; Wely Pasadena; Olivier Polit
Automotive Experiences Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.14960

Abstract

The increasing demand for sustainable and lightweight materials in the transportation sector, particularly in the context of electric vehicles (EVs), has accelerated the exploration of bio-based composites as viable alternatives to conventional structural materials. This study investigates the mechanical performance of hollow structural components fabricated from polylactic acid (PLA)-based composites reinforced with natural ramie fibers, targeting their application as chassis elements in urban electric vehicles. Emphasis is placed on replacing commercial steel hollow sections with environmentally benign alternatives that maintain mechanical integrity while offering additional functional benefits such as electrical non-conductivity. Three-point bending tests were conducted to evaluate the composite specimens' flexural strength, stiffness, and failure behavior to assess structural viability. This method was selected for its relevance to real-world bending stresses encountered in vehicular chassis components and suitability for consistent evaluation across beam-like geometries. Results demonstrate that the ramie-PLA bio-composite exhibits promising flexural performance, with sufficient bendability and stiffness for potential structural integration. Furthermore, the non-conductive nature of the composite presents a significant advantage for reducing electromagnetic interference with sensitive electronic systems common in EV platforms. The findings support the feasibility of deploying natural fiber-reinforced PLA composites as a sustainable, cost-effective solution for lightweight automotive structures, particularly in emerging markets where urban EV adoption is rapidly expanding.
The Role of Heterogeneous Catalyst Transesterification in Single Droplet Combustion of Soybean Oil Based Biodiesel Haidar Hanief; Arya Radya Guntur Pamungkas; Mitsuhisa Ichiyanagi; Willyanto Anggono; Cepi Yazirin; Muhammad Akhlis Rizza; Ena Marlina
Automotive Experiences Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.15027

Abstract

The consumption of petroleum fuel in Indonesia is increasing, makes the globe climate change a lot. Thus, requiring a renewable energy alternative source such as biodiesel. This study analyzed the single droplet combustion characteristics of soybean oil-based biodiesel produced via transesterification using two heterogeneous catalysts: papaya leaf (PL) and papaya leaf combined with animal bone (PLAB). For comparison, petroleum diesel fuel also tested. Results show that catalyst origin significantly influences combustion behavior. PL exhibited the longest droplet lifetime 7,135 mm/s2 and the highest peak temperature (546 °C), while PLAB showed shorter droplet lifetime 5,001 s/mm2and a lower peak temperature (467 °C), closer to petroleum diesel (4,081 s/mm2 and 254 °C), respectively). In terms of ignition delay, petroleum diesel ignited fastest (3,528 s/mm2), followed by PLAB (4,837 s/mm2) and PL (0,612 s/mm2). The combustion behavior of PLAB is correlated with its higher FAME purity (98%) and methyl linoleate content (43.69%), as reflected by the reduced droplet lifetime. This suggests that the catalyst primarily improves biodiesel quality via enhanced transesterification efficiency, which in turn affects combustion characteristics.

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