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Journal of Governance and Administrative Reform
Published by Universitas Airlangga
ISSN : -     EISSN : 29629578     DOI : https://doi.org/10.20473/jgar.v3i1.37931
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Social Sciences
Journal of Governance and Administrative Reform (e-ISSN: 2962-9578) is a peer reviewed open access scientific journal published by Universitas Airlangga. The scope for Journal of Governance and Administrative Reform includes: public policy, governance, administrative reform. Each volume of Journal of Governance and Administrative Reform is counted in each calendar year that consists of 2 issues. Journal of Governance and Administrative is published twice per year every June and December. Articles published in Journal of Governance and Administrative include: Article research, Article review of literature studies and book reviews in the field of public administration. Articles could be written in either Bahasa Indonesia or English. Contributors for Journal of Governance and Administrative are researchers, lecturers, students, public administration academics, practitioners of private organizations and government practitioners to be able to identify and dialogue about the philosophy, theory and practices of public administration which are considered to improve their performance in Indonesia and worldwide.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Administrasi Publik
Articles 80 Documents
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Educational Governance: A Literature Review Idris Onia, Saifaldin
Journal of Governance and Administrative Reform Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Governance and Administrative Reform
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jgar.v6i2.71954

Abstract

Abstract Educational governance encompasses the institutional structures and operational dynamics through which educational systems assign responsibilities, formulate objectives and strategies, and implement policies and programs. This study aims to conceptualize governance with a specific focus on its application in the educational context. Employing a qualitative and interpretive research approach, the study draws on a comprehensive review of existing literature, particularly scholarly works on educational governance. The paper examines the foundational definitions and theoretical underpinnings of governance and educational governance. The findings suggest that governance within educational institutions constitutes the rational and lawful exercise of administrative authority and decision-making, governed by legal frameworks, standards, and rules that define the relationship between institutional leadership and stakeholders. The study concludes by recommending the integration of educational governance as a core component in the training programs for school directors, emphasizing its role in fostering institutional development and promoting good governance practices within schools. Keywords: governance; educational governance; good governance; literature review   Abstrak Tata kelola pendidikan mencakup struktur kelembagaan dan dinamika operasional yang memungkinkan sistem pendidikan untuk mendistribusikan tanggung jawab, merumuskan tujuan dan strategi, serta melaksanakan kebijakan dan program. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengonseptualisasikan tata kelola, dengan fokus khusus pada penerapannya dalam konteks pendidikan. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan penelitian kualitatif dan interpretatif, kajian ini mengacu pada tinjauan literatur yang komprehensif, terutama terhadap karya-karya ilmiah mengenai tata kelola pendidikan. Artikel ini mengkaji definisi dasar serta landasan teoretis dari konsep tata kelola dan tata kelola pendidikan. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa tata kelola dalam lembaga pendidikan merupakan bentuk pelaksanaan kewenangan administratif dan pengambilan keputusan yang rasional dan sesuai hukum, yang diatur oleh kerangka hukum, standar, dan aturan yang menetapkan hubungan antara kepemimpinan institusi dan para pemangku kepentingan. Studi ini menyimpulkan dengan merekomendasikan integrasi tata kelola pendidikan sebagai komponen utama dalam program pelatihan bagi para kepala sekolah, dengan penekanan pada perannya dalam mendorong pengembangan institusional dan penerapan praktik tata kelola yang baik di lingkungan sekolah. Kata kunci: tata kelola; tata kelola pendidikan; tata kelola yang baik; tinjauan literatur
Governance And Youth Empowerment Initiatives In Nigeria: To What Extent Has It Curbed Crime Rates? Adegbami, Adeleke; Egugbo, Cletus Chuks
Journal of Governance and Administrative Reform Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Governance and Administrative Reform
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jgar.v6i2.73440

Abstract

Abstract The study investigates the need for youth empowerment, the barriers hindering youth empowerment programs, and the extent to which these programs have been effective in reducing crime and criminal activities in Nigeria. It draws upon secondary data, including textbooks, academic journals, government documents, newspapers, and online sources, which were analyzed using content analysis. The findings highlight that youth empowerment is essential for enabling young people to assume leadership roles, foster innovation and creativity, and contribute to the nation's economic growth and development. Regarding the barriers to youth empowerment programs, the study identifies several challenges: reluctance among youth to participate in empowerment initiatives, a lack of awareness about the benefits of these programs, inadequate or insufficient funding, a lack of transparency among those managing youth empowerment efforts, misappropriation of funds, distractions from social media, and a prevailing mentality among youth focused on quick financial gains. Furthermore, the study reveals that the current structure and implementation of youth empowerment programs in Nigeria are insufficient to address the needs of the large youth population. Despite various empowerment initiatives introduced by successive Nigerian administrations, the study concludes that persistent socio-economic crises evidenced by limited access to education and skills development, rising unemployment rates, and widespread poverty and hunger continue to plague the country. Without addressing these foundational issues, crime and criminal activities are likely to persist. In light of these findings, the study recommends the ongoing and deliberate development of the youth population's capacities as a critical step toward fostering a peaceful environment and achieving national development. Keywords: governance; youth empowerment; unemployment; poverty; hunger and crimes.   Abstrak  Penelitian ini menyelidiki kebutuhan pemberdayaan pemuda, hambatan-hambatan yang menghalangi program pemberdayaan pemuda, dan sejauh mana program-program tersebut efektif dalam mengurangi kejahatan dan aktivitas kriminal di Nigeria. Penelitian ini mengandalkan data sekunder, termasuk buku teks, jurnal akademik, dokumen resmi pemerintah, surat kabar, dan sumber-sumber daring, yang dianalisis menggunakan analisis konten. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemberdayaan pemuda sangat penting untuk memungkinkan generasi muda mengambil peran kepemimpinan, mendorong inovasi dan kreativitas, serta berkontribusi pada pertumbuhan dan perkembangan ekonomi negara. Terkait dengan hambatan-hambatan pada program pemberdayaan pemuda, penelitian ini mengidentifikasi beberapa tantangan: ketidakinginan pemuda untuk berpartisipasi dalam inisiatif pemberdayaan, kurangnya kesadaran tentang manfaat program-program tersebut, alokasi dana yang tidak memadai atau tidak mencukupi, kurangnya transparansi di antara mereka yang mengelola upaya pemberdayaan pemuda, penyalahgunaan dana, gangguan dari media sosial, dan mentalitas pemuda yang lebih fokus pada pencapaian keuntungan finansial secara cepat. Selain itu, penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa struktur dan pelaksanaan program pemberdayaan pemuda yang ada di Nigeria saat ini tidak cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan populasi pemuda yang besar. Meskipun berbagai inisiatif pemberdayaan telah diperkenalkan oleh pemerintahan-pemerintahan yang berganti di Nigeria, penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa krisis sosial-ekonomi yang terus berlanjut yang terlihat dalam terbatasnya akses terhadap pendidikan dan pengembangan keterampilan, meningkatnya tingkat pengangguran, serta kemiskinan dan kelaparan yang melanda terus menghantui negara. Tanpa mengatasi masalah-masalah mendasar ini, kejahatan dan aktivitas kriminal kemungkinan besar akan terus terjadi. Berdasarkan temuan-temuan tersebut, penelitian ini merekomendasikan pengembangan kapasitas populasi pemuda secara berkelanjutan dan terencana sebagai langkah krusial untuk menciptakan lingkungan yang damai dan mencapai pembangunan nasional. Kata kunci: tata kelola pemerintah; pemberdayaan pemuda; pengangguran; kemiskinan; kelaparan dan kejahatan.
Eroding Traditional Institutions and the Escalation of Banditry in Nupe Communities Idrees Gana, Mahmud; Adeleye Oluwaseyi, Wisdom; Ogaji Adamu , Tijani; Yahaya, Liman
Journal of Governance and Administrative Reform Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Governance and Administrative Reform
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jgar.v6i2.75757

Abstract

Abstract The rise of banditry in rural Nigeria has attracted significant attention, yet limited empirical research has examined the role of traditional institutions in shaping local security outcomes. This study explores the relationship between the decline of traditional institutions and the escalation of banditry in Nupe communities, specifically focusing on Pategi and Lafiagi in Kwara State. Guided by functionalism theory, the study conceptualizes traditional institutions as essential components of community stability. Their weakening disrupts social regulation and creates governance gaps that are exploitable by criminal actors. A survey research design was employed, utilizing structured questionnaires administered online to 136 respondents. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance (ANOVA) with SPSS version 23. The results indicate a statistically significant association between the perceived erosion of traditional authority and the increased incidence of banditry, leading to the rejection of the null hypotheses. While traditional rulers still enjoy substantial community trust, their ability to manage conflicts and contribute to security has diminished. This study makes an empirical contribution by demonstrating that the decline of local institutions is a critical factor in rural insecurity, in addition to commonly cited economic and policing deficiencies. It concludes that revitalizing traditional institutions within hybrid security governance frameworks can strengthen community-based responses to banditry. Keywords: traditional institutions; banditry; nupe communities; pategi; lafiagi Abstrak Meningkatnya tindak perampokan di pedesaan Nigeria telah menarik perhatian yang signifikan, namun penelitian empiris yang membahas peran lembaga tradisional dalam membentuk hasil keamanan lokal masih terbatas. Penelitian ini mengkaji hubungan antara kemunduran lembaga tradisional dan eskalasi tindak perampokan di komunitas Nupe, dengan fokus khusus pada Pategi dan Lafiagi di Provinsi Kwara. Berdasarkan teori fungsionalisme, penelitian ini memandang lembaga tradisional sebagai komponen penting dalam stabilitas komunitas. Pelemahan lembaga tersebut mengganggu pengaturan sosial dan menciptakan celah dalam pemerintahan yang dapat dieksploitasi oleh aktor kriminal. Desain penelitian survei digunakan, dengan menyebarkan kuesioner terstruktur secara online kepada 136 responden. Data dianalisis menggunakan statistik deskriptif dan analisis varians (ANOVA) dengan SPSS versi 23. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang signifikan secara statistik antara erosi wewenang tradisional yang dirasakan dan meningkatnya insiden perampokan, yang mengarah pada penolakan hipotesis nol yang relevan. Meskipun pemimpin tradisional masih mendapatkan kepercayaan yang besar dari komunitas, kemampuan mereka untuk mengelola konflik dan berkontribusi pada keamanan telah berkurang. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi empiris dengan menunjukkan bahwa kemunduran lembaga lokal merupakan faktor penting dalam ketidakamanan pedesaan, selain kekurangan ekonomi dan kekurangan dalam kepolisian yang sering dikemukakan. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa revitalisasi lembaga tradisional dalam kerangka pemerintahan keamanan dapat memperkuat respons berbasis komunitas terhadap perampokan. Kata kunci: lembaga tradisional; perampokan; komunitas nupe; pategi; lafiagi
Examining The Veracity Or Otherwise Of Woodrow Wilson’s Theory Of Politics-Administrative Dichotomy In Contemporary Nigeria’s Public Sector Management Okoh, Itebite
Journal of Governance and Administrative Reform Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Governance and Administrative Reform
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jgar.v6i2.77715

Abstract

Abstract Woodrow Wilson’s idealized conception of the politics administration dichotomy continues to prove challenging in the context of Nigeria’s public sector. The persistent blurring of boundaries between political and administrative functions has contributed to systemic issues, including politicization, inefficiency, inter institutional conflict, and suboptimal service delivery. This study seeks to identify key points of intersection between political and administrative domains within Nigeria’s public institutions and to propose strategic approaches for their effective coexistence, thereby enhancing service quality, institutional efficiency, accountability, and transparency. Anchored in public choice theory which conceptualizes political and bureaucratic actors as rational, self-interested individuals the study adopts an emic ontological perspective consistent with qualitative research paradigms. Secondary qualitative data were obtained from a variety of sources, including online newspapers, reports from anti-corruption agencies and non governmental organizations (NGOs), academic monographs, and peer-reviewed journal articles. These data were systematically analyzed using content analysis techniques. The findings demonstrate a significant degree of politicization across Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs), notably in areas such as financial and budgetary administration, recruitment, appointment, promotion, project execution, disciplinary procedures, and policy development. These dynamics undermine the classical distinction between politics and administration originally posited by Wilson. This study contends that a functional synergy between both spheres is attainable through targeted reforms. Recommended measures include strengthening merit-based recruitment and promotion processes to foster professionalism, enforcing ethical standards to safeguard institutional integrity, and cultivating collaborative relationships between political and administrative actors rooted in a shared commitment to public service. To mitigate the limitations of the current methodology, future research should incorporate interviews or adopt mixed method approaches. Comparative analyses across diverse administrative systems are also encouraged to deepen understanding of the complexities surrounding the politics administration dichotomy. Keywords: politics; public administration; administrative dichotomy; governance   Abstrak Konsepsi Woodrow Wilson mengenai dikotomi politik–administrasi terus menjadi tantangan dalam konteks sektor publik di Nigeria. Kaburnya batas antara fungsi politik dan administrasi telah berkontribusi terhadap berbagai permasalahan sistemik, termasuk politisasi, inefisiensi, konflik antar lembaga, serta rendahnya kualitas layanan publik. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi titik-titik persinggungan utama antara ranah politik dan administrasi dalam institusi publik Nigeria, serta mengusulkan pendekatan strategis untuk memastikan koeksistensi yang efektif di antara keduanya, guna meningkatkan kualitas layanan, efisiensi kelembagaan, akuntabilitas, dan transparansi. Berlandaskan pada teori pilihan publik yang memandang aktor politik dan birokrasi sebagai individu rasional yang berorientasi pada kepentingan diri sendiri. penelitian ini mengadopsi perspektif ontologis emik yang sejalan dengan paradigma penelitian kualitatif. Data kualitatif sekunder dikumpulkan dari berbagai sumber, termasuk surat kabar daring, laporan lembaga antikorupsi dan organisasi non pemerintah (NGO), monograf akademik, serta artikel jurnal ilmiah terindeks. Seluruh data dianalisis secara sistematis menggunakan teknik analisis isi. Temuan menunjukkan tingkat politisasi yang tinggi di berbagai Kementerian, Departemen, dan Lembaga (KDL), khususnya dalam aspek pengelolaan keuangan dan anggaran, rekrutmen, pengangkatan, promosi, pelaksanaan proyek, prosedur disipliner, serta perumusan kebijakan. Dinamika ini merusak pemisahan teoretis antara politik dan administrasi sebagaimana yang dikemukakan oleh Wilson. Penelitian ini berargumen bahwa sinergi fungsional antara kedua ranah tersebut dapat dicapai melalui reformasi yang terarah. Rekomendasi mencakup penguatan sistem berbasis merit dalam proses rekrutmen dan promosi untuk mendorong profesionalisme, penegakan standar etika untuk menjaga integritas kelembagaan, serta pengembangan hubungan kolaboratif antara aktor politik dan administratif yang dilandasi komitmen bersama terhadap pelayanan publik. Untuk mengatasi keterbatasan metodologi saat ini, penelitian lanjutan disarankan untuk mengintegrasikan wawancara atau pendekatan metode campuran. Analisis perbandingan lintas sistem administrasi juga dianjurkan untuk memperdalam pemahaman terhadap kompleksitas dikotomi politik administrasi. Kata kunci: politik; administrasi publik; dikotomi administratif; tata kelola
An Evaluation of the Accessibility of Electronic Based Government Systems for Persons with Disabilities: Case Studies in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Dubai Abdul Majid
Journal of Governance and Administrative Reform Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026): Journal of Governance and Administrative Reform
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jgar.v7i1.68784

Abstract

Abstract The Electronic Based Government System (EBGS) in Indonesia seeks to promote more efficient, transparent, and accountable governance through the use of information and communication technology (ICT). However, its implementation continues to present significant challenges, particularly in ensuring accessibility and inclusion for persons with disabilities. This article evaluates EBGS policies in Indonesia by examining the barriers faced by persons with disabilities in accessing digital public services and comparing these issues with case studies from the Philippines and Dubai. Through comparative analysis, this article identifies best practices and proposes policy recommendations for developing an inclusive and responsive EBGS that addresses the needs of all citizens, including persons with disabilities. Keywords: electronic based government system; digital inclusion; accessibility; persons with disabilities.
Analyzing Control Levels In Performance Based Budgeting Within The Public Sector Marini Sari Dewi Seger
Journal of Governance and Administrative Reform Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026): Journal of Governance and Administrative Reform
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jgar.v7i1.76397

Abstract

Abstract Performance-based budgeting has been adopted as an instrument of public financial reform to strengthen accountability and improve the effectiveness of government spending. However, its implementation in the public sector continues to reveal an imbalance between accountability demands and the dominance of administrative control. The low achievement of several performance indicators and weak public participation indicate structural problems in the design of control mechanisms within performance-based budgeting. This study aims to analyze the sources and degrees of control in the public sector performance-based budgeting system. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed through a systematic literature review, using Romzek and Dubnick’s analytical framework, which classifies control according to its source (internal–external) and degree (high–low). The findings show that performance-based budgeting practices remain dominated by high-degree internal control, particularly hierarchical and legal control, while external control, especially political, professional, and public control, remains weak and has not been effectively institutionalized. This imbalance limits managerial flexibility and hinders the transition of performance-based budgeting toward results-based budget accountability. The study highlights the importance of strengthening external control as a prerequisite for improving the effectiveness and legitimacy of performance-based budgeting reforms.   Keywords: performance based budgeting; control; public sector.
Reimagining Human Security in Nigeria: Leveraging Effective Public Administration for Sustainable Solutions Leke Kayode Onabanjo; Lawal A. Bakare; Oluwafisayo O. Falowo
Journal of Governance and Administrative Reform Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026): Journal of Governance and Administrative Reform
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jgar.v7i1.89291

Abstract

Abstract  Security challenges constitute a global phenomenon, yet their dynamics and management vary significantly across contexts. The Nigerian case raises important concerns regarding government effectiveness in addressing contemporary security challenges and reflects broader issues of governance capacity. Effective public administration plays a critical role in carrying out government functions, particularly in relation to state activities, institutionalization, public service delivery, and the protection of lives and property. This study investigates the causes of insecurity in Nigeria and examines how effective public administration can address these persistent challenges. Using an exploratory approach, the study conducts a thematic analysis of the underlying causes of insecurity and the role of effective public administration as a potential remedy. The findings indicate that governance failure and weak institutionalization are major root causes of Nigeria’s security challenges. They also show that the current structure of public administration in Nigeria remains inadequate for effective security oversight. When properly implemented, however, effective public administration can help address security challenges by strengthening the processes and structures that promote community welfare, justice, and social order. The study concludes that although effective public administration significantly influences security outcomes in Nigeria, stronger political will is required to enhance its impact. This study contributes to the literature on human security and public administration by identifying governance failure and institutional weakness as underlying factors shaping the security challenges confronting the Nigerian state. Keywords: public administration; security; management; governance; institutions
Governance Failure in the City of Johannesburg Amid the Forthcoming 2026 Local Government Elections John Mamokhere
Journal of Governance and Administrative Reform Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026): Journal of Governance and Administrative Reform
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jgar.v7i1.90499

Abstract

Abstract The proposed Turnaround Strategy 2024 (TAS24) for the City of Johannesburg reflects the municipality’s persistent governance challenges, characterized by political instability, administrative inefficiency, financial mismanagement, and declining service delivery. These challenges have significant implications for public trust and electoral behaviour ahead of the 2026 local government elections. This study explores the underlying causes, indicators, and implications of governance failure in the City of Johannesburg. Guided by the Dead Horse Theory, the study employs a qualitative desktop research approach, drawing on Auditor-General reports, policy documents, government publications, and scholarly literature to analyze patterns of governance dysfunction within the municipality. The findings reveal that governance failure is driven by the interconnected effects of unstable coalition politics, frequent leadership changes, including nine mayors in less than ten years, weak administrative capacity, and inadequate financial oversight. These factors have contributed to the deterioration of municipal infrastructure, unreliable basic services, and growing public dissatisfaction. The study further demonstrates how governance failures shape citizens’ perceptions of local government performance and may influence voter behaviour and political accountability in local elections. It contributes to governance and local election scholarship by illustrating the relationship between municipal governance performance and democratic legitimacy in a metropolitan context. The study recommends the professionalization of municipal administration, stronger accountability and financial oversight mechanisms, improved service delivery management, and enhanced citizen participation to restore public confidence and governance stability. These measures are essential for improving municipal performance and strengthening democratic governance in Johannesburg. Keywords: coalition politics; governance; political instability; local government elections; service delivery; protests
Exploring The Strategies For Peace Action In Barangays With High Risk For Theft And Drug Cases Samrudin L Masla; Ammar Y. Balimbingan; Michelle Van Claire Flores; Rosebelt S. Lomocso; Genesis Naparan
Journal of Governance and Administrative Reform Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026): Journal of Governance and Administrative Reform
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jgar.v7i1.91046

Abstract

Abstract This study examined the experiences of policy implementers in regulating taxicle operations in Pagadian City, with particular attention to their understanding of regulatory policies, the challenges they encounter in enforcement, the strategies they employ, and their recommendations for improving regulation. The study was conducted in response to continuing challenges in taxicle regulation, particularly issues related to driver compliance, colorum operations, and enforcement limitations. Using a qualitative case study design, data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews with seven (7) purposively selected participants. The data were analyzed using categorical aggregation to identify recurring patterns and categories. The findings revealed that policy implementers’ understanding of regulation is primarily developed through direct enforcement experience and reinforced through regular meetings, seminars, and continuous organizational communication. However, enforcement is constrained by driver resistance, largely associated with livelihood concerns, and by the presence of colorum drivers, which weakens regulatory efforts and affects compliance. In response, implementers use non-confrontational approaches that prioritize explanation and communication before penalties are imposed. Tricycles Operators and Drivers Association (TODA) organizations also support regulation through internal monitoring, policy reminders, and coordination with implementing agencies. The study concludes that taxicle regulation in Pagadian City reflects the principles of Michael Lipsky’s Street-Level Bureaucracy Theory, as implementation is shaped by practical experience, resource constraints, and discretionary decision-making. The study recommends strengthening driver education through improved seminars, enhancing coordination among implementing agencies, intensifying monitoring of illegal operations, and providing additional institutional support to improve the effectiveness and sustainability of taxicle regulation in Pagadian City. Keywords: policy implementers; Tricycles Operators and Drivers Association; Road Traffic Management Office; traffic enforcer; taxicle
Investigation of Failed Projects or Systems Commissioned and Developed by Some of the Organs of State in South Africa Tumiso Mokhomole
Journal of Governance and Administrative Reform Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026): Journal of Governance and Administrative Reform
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jgar.v7i1.92299

Abstract

Abstract This paper investigates failed projects and systems commissioned and developed by selected organs of state in South Africa. Year after year, the Auditor-General of South Africa (AGSA) reports billions of rands in irregular, fruitless, and wasteful expenditure, often with limited consequence management. The study highlights how governance failures, including a lack of oversight, accountability and consequence management within organs of state, are commonly known as the root causes of major project delays and delivery failures in South Africa. The study employed a descriptive qualitative research approach, drawing on purposively selected literature and study materials. Data were collected from secondary sources, including published journals, articles, and reports, as well as primary sources based on the researcher’s lived experience and observations. The data were contextualised and thematically analysed. The findings indicate that some organs of state have commissioned projects and developed systems through external service providers that could have strengthened state capacity and improved public-sector efficiency if they had been properly managed and implemented. However, many of these projects and systems failed to achieve their intended objectives. The study further finds that wasteful expenditure continues unabated in some organs of state due to weak ethical leadership and inadequate consequence management. On an annual basis, AGSA identifies projects and systems implemented by organs of state that fail to achieve their intended purposes and cautions that such irregular, fruitless, and wasteful expenditure could have been avoided if reasonable steps had been taken by technocrats and bureaucrats. Keywords: bureaucrats; consequence management; irregular expenditure; organs of state; projects; technocrats

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