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Millah: Journal of Religious Studies
Published by Universitas Islam Indonesia
ISSN : 14120992     EISSN : 2527922X     DOI : 10.20885/millah
Core Subject : Religion,
Religion
Millah: Journal of Religious Studies (E-ISSN: 2527-922X) is an international double-blind peer-review journal focusing on original research articles related to religious studies. The journal welcomes contributions on the following topics: Religious studies Islamic studies Christian studies Hindu studies Buddhist studies other relevant religious studies.
Arjuna Subject : Seni dan Humaniora - Studi Agama
Articles 648 Documents
 61   62   63   64   65 
The Jalayirid State Between Shi‘ism and Sunnism: Claims and Concrete Evidence Macit, Ensar
Millah: Journal of Religious Studies Vol. 25, No. 2, August 2026
Publisher : Universitas Islam Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20885/millah.vol25.iss2.art13

Abstract

This study aims to reveal the sectarian identity of the Jalayirid dynasty (1340–1431), which ruled for approximately a century in Baghdad-centered Iraq, Iran, Azerbaijan, and the surrounding regions. Frequently repeated claims in modern literature that the Jalayirids were, or may have been, Shi‘a—based on symbolic and indirect elements—have led to reductionist readings and hindered a proper understanding of the dynasty’s actual sectarian orientation. It has been claimed, or interpreted, that they belonged to the Shi‘a sect on the basis of data such as the names adopted by the members of the dynasty, their burial sites, and their interest in the cities of Karbala and Najaf. The dynasty has also been associated with Shi‘ism through a few dubious and uncertain coins alleged to belong to Jalayirid rulers. The study first examines the claims/interpretations that the dynasty was Shi‘a and the ways in which these claims and interpretations have been substantiated. Subsequently, these claims and interpretations are subjected to a methodological inquiry in the light of madrasa curricula, religious appointments, the dynasty’s close relations with Sunni Sufi orders, records of the religious bureaucracy, waqf allocations, travelogues, and contemporary historical sources. The findings of the study demonstrate that the claims regarding Shi‘ism in relation to the Jalayirid dynasty are mostly based on biased interpretations, limited indicators, and anachronistic readings, while revealing that the sectarian identity of the dynasty possessed a Sunni character. At the same time, the policies of balance and tolerance pursued by the rulers in centers such as Najaf and Karbala, where the Shi‘a population was dense, indicate that the Jalayirids adopted a pragmatic politics prioritizing political stability. The study reconstructs the sectarian affiliation of the Jalayirid dynasty on the basis of direct sources.
Journey to the West in the Age of AI: Buddhist Reception, Contradiction, and Transformation Nguyen, Thanh Trung
Millah: Journal of Religious Studies Vol. 25, No. 2, August 2026
Publisher : Universitas Islam Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20885/millah.vol25.iss2.art8

Abstract

The paper explores the shifts in public reception of The Journey to the West  under the influence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and social media from 2020 to the present. Within the digital era, the journey to enlightenment – originally a profound philosophical narrative – is being "deconstructed" into fast-consumption content through three primary characteristics: Socialization (35%), Emotionalization (45%), and Contradictorization (20%) – defined herein as the algorithmic tendency to amplify oppositional and conspiratorial readings of the text for engagement purposes. Utilizing literary reception theory and Buddhist criticism, the study analyzes over 300 multimedia data points. The results indicate that the "Socialization" trend has transformed the classic into pragmatic survival lessons, while "Emotionalization" stimulates instinctive empathy for monsters, potentially leading to illusions (Maya). Notably, "Contradiction" driven by "dark" conspiracy theories has created a polarization between folk beliefs and orthodox Buddhist teachings. The paper proposes applying Buddhist criticism to resolve literary and religious issues, emphasizing the responsibility of experts and monastics to utilize technology as "skillful means" (upaya) to guide the community and transform dualistic conflicts into the spirit of the Middle Way. Ultimately, the research affirms that the Journey to the West remains an immutable symbol of the quest for the Way; despite technological changes, the core remains the cultivation of will and the subjugation of the mind.
Thích Nhất Hạnh’s Interbeing and Mindfulness in the Digital Age: Toward Mindful Technology Hoàng, Thị Thùy Dương
Millah: Journal of Religious Studies Vol. 25, No. 2, August 2026
Publisher : Universitas Islam Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20885/millah.vol25.iss2.art3

Abstract

In the contemporary digital era, the “attention economy” and AI algorithms have intensified a crisis of “digital mindlessness.” This paper develops the “Mindful Technology” model by applying Zen Master Thích Nhất Hạnh’s engaged Buddhist philosophy to human–technology interaction. Methodologically, the study employs a qualitative design grounded in textual hermeneutics and thematic–conceptual synthesis. By analyzing five foundational works of Thích Nhất Hạnh, the research identifies a significant gap in current digital ethics: the absence of a comprehensive relational ontology. Theoretically, the study constructs a multi-layered framework that bridges Buddhist thought with contemporary concepts such as Donna Haraway’s sympoiesis, the Japanese aesthetic of Ma, and bell hooks’ ethics of care. This synthesis reframes digital devices not as external distractors but as “Dharma instruments” (Upaya) – potential skillful means for cultivating awareness. Conceptually, the model suggests a “Middle Way” for rapidly digitizing societies like Vietnam by shifting from passive consumption to conscious co-construction. While acknowledging the systemic power of algorithms, the paper proposes that this mindful perspective may offer an ethical groundwork for future discussions on human-centered AI and digital wellbeing.
Soviet Historiography of Islam in Central Asia: Knowledge Production under State Atheism Coraeva, Camila; Polat, Kemal
Millah: Journal of Religious Studies Vol. 25, No. 2, August 2026
Publisher : Universitas Islam Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20885/millah.vol25.iss2.art9

Abstract

This study critically examines the production of knowledge about Islam in Soviet-era historiography of Central Asia, conducted under the ideological constraints of state atheism. Employing the methodologies of critical historiographical analysis, intellectual history, and discourse analysis, it reconstructs the internal logic, conceptual apparatus, and institutional mechanisms through which Soviet historians, ethnographers, and orientalists generated "permissible" knowledge. The research identifies a foundational and paradoxical dichotomy that structured the entire discourse: the distinction between Islam as a progressive "objective" historical force and as a reactionary "subjective" feudal ideology. It further analyzes the strategic evolution from "Red Orientalism" and total ideological confrontation (1920s–1930s) to the canonical dual model of national history construction (1940s–1960s), and finally to the ethnographic study of "everyday Islam" as a "survival" (1970s–1980s), which often functioned as applied surveillance. The results reveal that Soviet historiography systematically produced "sanctioned ignorance" through key conceptual lacunae (theology, Sufism, Jadidism, Fiqh), actively shaping a functional but reductive image of Islam. This discursive practice served the pragmatic functions of legitimizing secular nation-building, exercising epistemological control, and enabling social monitoring. The study concludes that Soviet Islamic studies constituted a specific practice of power, the epistemological legacy of which continues to influence academic and public discourses in post-Soviet Central Asia.
The Doctrinal Identity of Muslims in the Balkans: Between Maturidism and Other Theological Schools Houti, Abdelqadir Ibrahim; Idriz , Mesut
Millah: Journal of Religious Studies Vol. 25, No. 2, August 2026
Publisher : Universitas Islam Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20885/millah.vol25.iss2.art14

Abstract

This study is a marker of the changing theological situation among Balkan Muslims by focusing on how Maturidism is relevant in history and today. The enquiry starts with a review of the key Islamic theological schools Maturidism, Asharism and Hanbalism emphasizing their methods of interpretation, their relations, and their doctrines. The rationalist background of Maturidism and its close relation to the Hanafi School that played a significant role in the formation of the Islamic religion in the Ottoman Empire and especially in the Balkans is also given special attention. The study is concerned with this theological heritage that has been handed down by the religious education and with special regard to the institutions that subscribe to the teachings of Maturid. Moreover, the rising might of globalization and cultural openness are a big challenge to these old creeds. The other notable area of attention is the evolution of Salafi and Hadithi interpretations, which is the contrary of the rationalist tradition of Maturidism.  This study examines the popularity of these movements especially among the youth and the urban communities and the fact that the movements are growing rapidly is a source of theological conflict. Comparative study of Maturid and Salafis discourses provides a contrastive epistemology, hierarchy of authority and scriptural interpretation. The study also assess the efforts of the Islamic councils, religious leaders and schools to maintain Maturidi identity. Moreover, it evaluates the contribution of the digital media and contemporary communication sources to youth religious preferences. The latter parts reflect on the ways universities and institutes can strengthen the Maturidi doctrine to ensure religious unity and identity within the region. The study ends by emphasizing the importance of strategic interest in theological diversity, with the view of finding a co-existence without compromising on the intellectual and spiritual heritage of Balkan Islam.
Time as an Ontologically Dependent and Emergent Phenomenon in Mullā Ṣadrā and Quantum Mechanics Technology Klavins, Kaspars
Millah: Journal of Religious Studies Vol. 25, No. 2, August 2026
Publisher : Universitas Islam Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20885/millah.vol25.iss2.art10

Abstract

This article examines the concept of time in the metaphysical system of Mullā Ṣadrā (Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Shīrāzī) and compares it with contemporary interpretations of time in quantum theory, particularly those of Carlo Rovelli and Vlatko Vedral. Building on the doctrines of the primacy of existence (aṣālat al-wujūd) and substantial motion (al-ḥaraka al-jawhariyya), the article argues that, in Ṣadrā’s metaphysics, time is neither an independent substance nor a fundamental ontological category. Rather, it is a real but ontologically dependent dimension of material existence, emerging from the dynamic unfolding of wujūd. In this sense, time is inseparable from processes of becoming and grounded in substantial motion, rather than existing as a container or external framework. The study further shows that this position closely parallels contemporary developments in quantum theory, where time is increasingly understood as non-fundamental and relational, arising from physical interactions, correlations, or entanglement rather than serving as a universal background parameter. Through a systematic comparative analysis, the article demonstrates that both Ṣadrā’s philosophy and modern physics converge on a non-substantialist account of time, while differing in their explanatory frameworks and underlying ontologies. It argues that Ṣadrā’s conception provides a philosophically robust model of temporality that can meaningfully contribute to current debates in the metaphysics of time and the philosophy of science, opening a dialogue between classical Islamic thought and contemporary physics without reducing one to the other.
God Otherwise Than Sovereign: Infinite Responsibility and Systemic Evil Espartinez, Alma S.; Gonzales, Aldino
Millah: Journal of Religious Studies Vol. 25, No. 2, August 2026
Publisher : Universitas Islam Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20885/millah.vol25.iss2.art11

Abstract

Systemic evil does not merely strain theodicy; it destroys the conditions under which justification is possible. This paper develops structural lateness as an analytical framework to name that destruction, distinguishing three modes through which systemic evil defeats theodicy: temporal lateness, when harm unfolds faster than moral response, as in Hiroshima’s instantaneous obliteration; epistemic lateness, when the structures of recognition are corrupted, as in Rwanda’s ideological effacement of the face; and ontological lateness, when present actions foreclose futures before those futures can assert claims, as in climate collapse. These are structural features of systemic evil; we are always already too late. Drawing on Emmanuel Levinas, the paper moves from diagnosis to constructive theology. While theodicy seeks to justify God as sovereign, Levinasian ethics discloses God as trace – the infinite ethical demand that persists precisely where justification collapses. The paper situates this argument within the anti-theodicy tradition, engaging Tilley, Pihlström, Betenson, and Poston, while identifying a dimension their accounts leave unnamed: the destruction of theodicy’s enabling conditions by the specific structure of systemic evil. What remains is negative eschatology: responsibility without resolution, hope without guarantee, fidelity grounded not in prospects of success but in refusal to abandon the Other. This framework has direct implications for post-Holocaust theology, climate ethics, and intergenerational justice – contexts where theodicy has not only failed to console but has actively normalized irreparable harm.
Ittappaccayata-Based Framework for Sustainable Heritage Management in Chiang Mai Old City Raksawin, Karuna; Suthasupa, Supagtra
Millah: Journal of Religious Studies Vol. 25, No. 2, August 2026
Publisher : Universitas Islam Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20885/millah.vol25.iss2.art12

Abstract

Chiang Mai Old City, a 700-year-old Lanna heritage zone hosting over 10 million tourists annually, faces severe sustainability challenges from tourism-driven development, including visual intrusion, social displacement, and cultural commodification. Conventional Western sustainability models prove inadequate by fragmenting interdependent dimensions and failing to address underlying cognitive failures in governance. This conceptual research proposes a holistic framework integrating Ittappaccayata (Dependent Origination), a Buddhist philosophical principle, with the Sappurisadhamma 7 ethical guidelines to analyze conditional relationships in heritage management. Through document synthesis and philosophical analysis, the study diagnoses current degradation as resulting from Avijjā (Ignorance) and Taṇhā (Craving), where decision-makers prioritize short-term economic gains over systemic resilience. The framework reveals three critical failures: inadequate two-dimensional zoning unable to protect visual integrity, participation-based tourism models lacking community control, and fragmented policies reflecting institutional wisdom deficits. The research proposes three mandates: implementing three-dimensional zoning with viewshed analysis, transitioning to Community-Controlled Tourism (CCT), and institutionalizing the Gross Heritage Happiness (GHH) Index—inspired by Bhutan's GNH framework—to measure cultural resilience, community vitality, and environmental balance rather than GDP-focused metrics. This conditional management approach offers both theoretical contributions elevating Buddhist philosophy as an applied analytical tool and practical guidance for Southeast Asian heritage cities navigating development-conservation tensions.

Page 65 of 65 | Total Record : 648

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