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Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks
Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
ISSN : 28305922     EISSN : 28305914     DOI : https://doi.org/10.18196/jpcn
Core Subject : Social,
Social Sciences
The core of the journal focuses on Paradiplomacy and City Networks which revolves around international cooperation by the regional government, and actorness such as mayors, local legislators, governors, and other sub-national elected officials who have traditionally engaged in international activities for their trade promotion, investment, and economic development through city-to-city exchanges, business study groups, international exchange and capacity building for local bureaucrats, youth exchanges for the benefit of their local communities. Paradiplomacy activities may also include international organizations as interlocutors of the policy processes propelled by local public action. But unlike other data sources, the Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks ensures that unbiased and uninfluenced research is promoted with a vision to contribute to the peace and stability of the international society. We believe that the blatant truth about covert agendas of politics is the only hindrance to sustainable growth. Therefore, our focus remains on the publication of field-based knowledge to uproot the critical problems.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Ilmu Politik dan Hubungan Internasional
Articles 8 Documents
 1 
Search results for , issue "vol. 5 no. 1: june 2026" : 8 Documents clear
Exploring The Role and Authority of Local Government in the Context of International Relations (Comparative Study between Ulsan City and Makassar City) Darussalam, Miftah Farid; Safaat, Ayu Rezky; Agustin, Maya Madya
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 5 No. 1: June 2026
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v5i1.117

Abstract

The implementation of decentralization in developing countries generally goes hand in hand with the process of democratization. However, each country implements a decentralization system with varying levels of authority, which affects the role of local governments in conducting international cooperation. This study aims to compare the authority of local governments in conducting international cooperation between the City of Ulsan, South Korea, and the City of Makassar, Indonesia. Using a qualitative method through a comparative study approach supplemented by interviews, this study employs a decentralization framework as an instrument to measure the level of local government authority. The intensity of cooperation is used to identify the extent to which these authorities are implemented in foreign relations. The results of the comparison based on the constitutions of both countries show that local governments in South Korea have broader authority than city governments in Indonesia. This difference is reflected in the intensity of international cooperation, with Ulsan City recording a higher number of international cooperation initiatives than Makassar City.
West Java Province’s Paradiplomacy Practices in MSMEs Development toward Heilongjiang Province, China Faykarulhaqq Ahsanu Nadiyya; Fuad Azmi
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 5 No. 1: June 2026
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v5i1.110

Abstract

The increasing involvement of subnational governments in international cooperation has positioned economic paradiplomacy as an important instrument for promoting regional development and enhancing the international competitiveness of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). This study examines the economic paradiplomacy practices of the West Java Provincial Government through its cooperation with Heilongjiang Province, China, and analyzes how such cooperation contributes to MSME internationalization within a multilevel governance framework. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, this study utilizes secondary data collected from government documents, policy reports, academic publications, and official media releases. The findings reveal that the West Java–Heilongjiang partnership has evolved beyond a conventional sister-province arrangement into a structured mechanism of economic cooperation implemented through business matching, investment promotion, technology exchange, and institutional networking. The study further demonstrates that multilevel governance facilitates coordination among governmental institutions, business actors, and supporting organizations, enabling local enterprises to access international markets and strengthen their export readiness. Although measurable economic outcomes remain at an early stage, the cooperation has created institutional conditions that support MSME capacity development and long-term international engagement. This study contributes to the paradiplomacy literature by demonstrating that economic paradiplomacy functions not only as a form of subnational external engagement but also as a development-oriented governance strategy that strengthens regional competitiveness and supports sustainable local economic development.
Paradiplomacy for Cyber Resilience in Jakarta: Between Progress, Loopholes, and the Struggle to Secure the Digital City Rino, Meyer Rafael; Zaki Syaiful Hunafa
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 5 No. 1: June 2026
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v5i1.97

Abstract

Rapid digital transformation in big cities like Jakarta has increased their vulnerability to increasingly complex and cross-border cyberattacks. This issue makes digital public security a strategic agenda in local governance. The increasing number of attacks on public infrastructure, government services, and the private sector shows that strengthening cyber resilience cannot only rely on policies from the central government. In this context, the role of paradiplomacy and subnational actors in foreign relations is an important approach to improving local cybersecurity capacity. This study analyzes how Jakarta, as one of the big cities in Indonesia, responds to cyber threats through paradiplomacy mechanisms. The focus of this study is on institutional adjustments, cross-border collaboration, and the role of local and transnational actors in addressing cybersecurity challenges. This study aims to contribute to paradiplomacy in the context of cybersecurity by using a descriptive qualitative method that analyzes documents, digital reports, and policies from local governments. In addition, this study also offers practical recommendations for public security policies based on inclusive and sustainable multi-level governance to ensure better cyber resilience in the era of digital transformation. It is hoped that the findings from this study can provide input for policymakers who are more effective in dealing with cyber threats at the local and international levels in a more resilient and inclusive manner in the era of ever-growing digital transformation.
Rooftop Solar Policy and Metropolitan Governance: The Role of Paradiplomacy in Five Southeast Asian Cities Krisnadi, Muhammad Faiz
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 5 No. 1: June 2026
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v5i1.107

Abstract

Five metropolitan governments in Southeast Asia faced increasing pressure to expand rooftop solar deployment, yet adoption remained uneven. Previous studies focused mainly on national renewable-energy policies, while the role of city-level policy instruments and paradiplomacy received limited attention. This study examined rooftop-solar policies in Singapore, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, Ho Chi Minh City, and Bangkok using comparative case studies and an exploratory city-year panel (2010–2024). The analysis distinguished national policies from city-level regulatory instruments to assess metropolitan governments' contributions to rooftop-solar implementation. The findings revealed heterogeneous policy effects. Singapore demonstrated the strongest procurement-led expansion, whereas Kuala Lumpur and Bangkok remained at earlier implementation stages. Jakarta and Ho Chi Minh City highlighted the difficulty of separating national incentives from local initiatives. The study concluded that urban energy transition in Southeast Asia depended not only on national incentives but also on the regulatory, institutional, and diplomatic capacities of metropolitan governments to implement effective rooftop-solar programmes.
The Institutional Agency of Football Club (FC) Barcelona in Catalonia’s Protodiplomatic Strategy Toward Spain (2019–2021) Nsw, Rayia Khaza; Laode Muhamad Fathun
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 5 No. 1: June 2026
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v5i1.113

Abstract

This article examines FC Barcelona’s institutional agency in Catalonia’s protodiplomacy strategy toward Spain following the 2017 independence referendum, with a specific focus on the period 2019–2021. Catalonia, as an autonomous region with a strong cultural and political identity, saw an escalation of protodiplomatic efforts following the curtailment of its autonomy by the Spanish Constitutional Court in 2010. Within this dynamic, FC Barcelona emerged as a significant non-state actor in projecting Catalan identity onto the global stage. This study aims to identify and analyze the strategic role played by the club in supporting regional protodiplomatic narratives and agendas. Using a descriptive qualitative method grounded in document analysis and interviews, this study draws upon Clive Archer’s role theory, the concept of protodiplomacy by Kuznetsov and Soldatos, and Benedict Anderson’s idea of imagined communities. The findings indicate that FC Barcelona consistently exercises its institutional agency through the promotion of identity elements such as language, flag symbols, and Catalan historical narratives. Despite facing sports regulatory restrictions and political pressure from the Spanish central government, the club effectively represents the Catalan identity struggle. In conclusion, FC Barcelona functions as a strategic instrument in Catalan protodiplomacy, affirming its role that transcends that of a commercial sports entity to become an influential political representation of identity on the international stage.
Visibility without Recognition: Assessing the Effectiveness and Structural Limits of Catalonia's Paradiplomacy in Pursuit of Self-Determination Kafiil, Gibran Muhammad; Nyi Ayu Keisha Alya
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 5 No. 1: June 2026
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v5i1.116

Abstract

This study explores why paradiplomacy has emerged as a central yet contested instrument in Catalonia's ongoing quest for self-secession from Spain. Through a multidisciplinary approach, the research applies Stéphane Paquin's theory of paradiplomacy, Pinos and Sacramento's counter-paradiplomacy framework, and the normative principles of self-determination theory to critically assess the strategic deployment of subnational diplomacy by Catalonia. Drawing on a synthesis of peer-reviewed literature, primarily published over the past decade, the study investigates how Catalonia has utilized various paradiplomatic mechanisms, including identity diplomacy, targeted public diplomacy campaigns, and active participation in transnational and European networks, to reframe its independence movement and seek symbolic legitimacy in the international arena. These efforts aim to bypass Spain's exclusive control over foreign policy and cultivate external support for the Catalan cause. However, the research also analyzes Spain's robust countermeasures, including legal and constitutional suppression, strategic narrative framing, and institutional constraints within international organizations, which collectively work to contain and delegitimize Catalonia's external outreach. While the findings indicate that Catalonia has been moderately successful in building soft power and gaining symbolic recognition, the study identifies a persistent visibility–recognition gap and concludes that paradiplomacy alone remains structurally inadequate to achieve formal recognition of self-secession, particularly within the constraints of international law and the liberal-democratic order.
Civil Society Paradiplomacy and Multi-Level Humanitarian Governance: Evidence from MuAID in Conflict-Affected Regions Ridwan, Wachid; Dian Ariyani Surya; Mutiara Dwi Sari
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 5 No. 1: June 2026
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v5i1.127

Abstract

This study examines the role of the Muhammadiyah Agency for International Development (MuAID) as a civil society actor in advancing paradiplomatic engagement and humanitarian governance in conflict-affected regions. While existing studies on humanitarian assistance have largely emphasized state institutions and international organizations, limited attention has been given to how faith-based civil society organizations from the Global South mobilize transnational networks, manage humanitarian operations, and function as non-state diplomatic actors. Employing a qualitative case study approach, this research analyzes MuAID’s humanitarian programs implemented between 2017 and 2022 across Palestine, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Türkiye, and Jordan. Data was collected through interviews, institutional documents, group discussions, and secondary sources, followed by an assessment of five Muhammadiyah-affiliated institutions involved in humanitarian coordination and implementation. The findings identify three patterns of civil society paradiplomatic engagement: local NGO partnerships, diaspora-enabled humanitarian responses, and domestic refugee management. These models demonstrate how MuAID combines resource mobilization, religious networks, local partnerships, and institutional coordination to deliver humanitarian assistance under politically constrained environments. The study further reveals that organizational performance is shaped by adaptive capacity, stakeholder coordination, financial management, and the ability to sustain cross-border partnerships. This research contributes to paradiplomacy and humanitarian governance literature by extending the concept of paradiplomacy beyond governmental actors and demonstrating how faith-based civil society organizations from the Global South operate as humanitarian donors, diplomatic intermediaries, and actors within multi-level humanitarian governance.
South Korean Cities as Norm-Bearing Actors in Migrant Protection: A Paradiplomatic Analysis of Sub-National Cooperation with Indonesia Fachrurreza, Ahmad Mujaddid; Khofifah, Aprilia Erinda Sinta; Nugroho, Dimas Adi
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 5 No. 1: June 2026
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v5i1.140

Abstract

Despite growing interest in paradiplomacy, the role of cities in advancing migrant protection norms remained underexplored. This study examined how the South Korean cities of Ansan, Busan, and Incheon functioned as norm bearing actors in migration governance through subnational cooperation with Indonesian local governments. The study was important because it explored how cities contributed to the localization and implementation of migrant protection beyond state centered approaches. A qualitative case study approach was employed using policy documents, municipal government reports, migrant support center publications, and secondary institutional sources from Indonesia and South Korea. The analysis examined how international migrant protection principles were interpreted and translated into local governance practices. The findings identified three interconnected dimensions of city level action. First, the cities recognized migrants as rights bearing residents rather than temporary workers. Second, they established localized support mechanisms, including multilingual counseling, healthcare services, and community-based welfare programs. Third, they strengthened migrant protection through intercity cooperation and transnational policy learning. The study concluded that South Korean cities contributed to migrant protection by embedding international norms into local governance despite their limited formal authority. Their role complemented national migration policies while demonstrating the growing importance of subnational actors in multilevel migration governance.

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