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Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis
Published by Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society
ISSN : -     EISSN : 19782993     DOI : https://doi.org/10.9767/bcrec
Core Subject : Science, Engineering,
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, a reputable international journal, provides a forum for publishing the novel technologies related to the catalyst, catalysis, chemical reactor, kinetics, and chemical reaction engineering. Scientific articles dealing with the following topics in chemical reaction engineering, catalysis science, and engineering, catalyst preparation method and characterization, novel innovation of chemical reactor, kinetic studies, etc. are particularly welcome. However, articles concerned on the general chemical engineering process are not covered and out of the scope of this journal. This journal encompasses Original Research Articles, Review Articles (only selected/invited authors), and Short Communications, including: fundamentals of catalyst and catalysis; materials and nano-materials for catalyst; chemistry of catalyst and catalysis; surface chemistry of catalyst; applied catalysis; applied bio-catalysis; applied chemical reaction engineering; catalyst regeneration; catalyst deactivation; photocatalyst and photocatalysis; electrocatalysis for fuel cell application; applied bio-reactor; membrane bioreactor; fundamentals of chemical reaction engineering; kinetics studies of chemical reaction engineering; chemical reactor design (not process parameter optimization); enzymatic catalytic reaction (not process parameter optimization); kinetic studies of enzymatic reaction (not process parameter optimization); the industrial practice of catalyst; the industrial practice of chemical reactor engineering; application of plasma technology in catalysis and chemical reactor; and advanced technology for chemical reactors design. However, articles concerned about the "General Chemical Engineering Process" are not covered and out of the scope of this journal.
Arjuna Subject : Teknik Kimia (semua kategori) - Katalisis
Articles 885 Documents
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Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil over a Magnetic Fe–Zr Nanocatalyst Balqis Adlina Omar; Nurul Jannah Abd Rahman; Farah Wahida Harun; Salina Mat Radzi; Nor Zida Rosly
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2026: BCREC Volume 21 Issue 4 Year 2026 (December 2026)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20764

Abstract

The increasing demand for sustainable and low-cost biodiesel production has driven interest in waste cooking oil (WCO) as an alternative feedstock. In this study, a mesoporous magnetic Fe–Zr nanocatalyst with a specific surface area of 203.12 m²/g was synthesized via co-precipitation followed by incipient wetness impregnation and evaluated for the transesterification of WCO. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, and catalyst loading were investigated and optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on a Central Composite Design (CCD), with a fixed methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 9:1. The fitted quadratic model showed a strong agreement with the experimental data, with an R² of 0.9894. The model predicted a maximum biodiesel yield of 81.992 % at a reaction temperature of 80 °C, reaction time of 4 h, and catalyst loading of 5 wt.%. Following transesterification, the acid value of the WCO-derived biodiesel decreased from 3.228 to 0.865 mg KOH/g. The Fe–Zr nanocatalyst demonstrated effective catalytic performance and facile magnetic separation, indicating its potential as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from WCO under the investigated conditions. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Synthesis of Long-Chain Alkyl Epoxides via Chemoenzymatic Epoxidation of Fatty Acids of Terminalia catappa L. Oil Dedy Suhendra; Erin Ryantin Gunawan; Murniati Murniati; Baiq Nafa Hartia Liana; Eka Kusmiati
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2026: BCREC Volume 21 Issue 4 Year 2026 (December 2026)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20836

Abstract

Long-chain alkyl epoxides (LCAEs) derived from renewable vegetable oils are promising bio-based chemical intermediates and functional materials. This study aimed to synthesize LCAEs from unsaturated fatty acids derived from Terminalia catappa L. seed oil (FA-TCO) via chemoenzymatic epoxidation. TCO was first hydrolyzed using Lipozyme® TL IM, an immobilized lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus, to obtain FA-TCO, which was subsequently subjected to epoxidation using H₂O₂ as the oxygen donor and lipase as the biocatalyst. The effects of reaction parameters were systematically investigated to determine the optimum epoxidation conditions. The optimum conditions were achieved at 50 °C, with an FA-TCO-to-enzyme mass ratio of 10:1 (w/w), an FA-TCO-to-H₂O₂ mass ratio of 5:4 (w/w), and an epoxidation time of 5 h. Under these conditions, the relative conversion to oxirane (RCO) reached 67.67 %, demonstrating effective conversion of C=C bonds into oxirane groups. FTIR analysis confirmed oxirane formation through characteristic bands at 884 and 1247 cm⁻¹. The formation of oxirane groups was further supported by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, which showed resonances consistent with oxirane associated protons at 2.75–2.77 ppm and oxirane carbons at 62.2–62.5 ppm, respectively. Overall, the results demonstrate the feasibility of chemoenzymatic epoxidation for producing FA-TCO-based LCAEs from a renewable feedstock. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Synthesis of CuZnFe-LDH for Peroxymonosulfate Activation toward Reactive Blue 19 Degradation and Application in Real Textile Wastewater Treatment Tran Minh Bao; Nguyen Hoang Hung; Pham Xuan Truong; Nguyen Huynh Nghia; Le Ngan Phuc Tam; Nguyen Thi Cam Tien; Tran Vu Anh Khoa; Nguyen Thanh Minh; Nguyen Nhat Huy
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2026: BCREC Volume 21 Issue 4 Year 2026 (December 2026)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20784

Abstract

In this study, CuZnFe-LDH was synthesized by a solvothermal method using analytical-grade chemicals and applied as a catalyst for PMS activation to degrade Reactive Blue 19 (RB19) in water. Material characteristics related to surface morphology, elemental composition, crystal structure, functional groups, specific surface area, and surface chemical states were analyzed using SEM/EDX, XRD, FT-IR, BET, and XPS techniques. Specifically, the specific surface area of CuZnFe-LDH, determined from N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, was 49.53 m2/g, with a pore volume of 0.093 cm3/g and an average pore diameter of 7.55 nm. The effects of PMS dosage, catalyst dosage, RB19 concentration, pH, and inorganic anions on PMS activation were investigated. The selected operating conditions were determined to be [RB19] = 50 mg/L, [CuZnFe-LDH] = 200 mg/L, pH = 7, and [PMS] = 200 mg/L, under which the degradation efficiency of RB19 reached 99.85 % within 12 min. Furthermore, the CuZnFe-LDH/PMS system exhibited the ability to effectively degrade different dyes, including MO, R3BS, and BBRF, while also showing positive results in the treatment of biologically treated real textile wastewater in terms of color and COD removal. The quenching results suggested that SO₄•⁻ made the greatest contribution to RB19 degradation, with additional contributions from O2·− and ·OH. After five consecutive reuse cycles, small amounts of Cu and Zn were leached into the solution, whereas Fe was not detected; correspondingly, the RB19 degradation efficiency decreased by approximately 22.6 %, indicating the relatively good stability and reusability of CuZnFe-LDH under the investigated conditions. In future work, post-reaction catalyst characterization should be conducted to evaluate catalyst stability and clarify the specific roles of individual metals in the multi-metal LDH-based system. Additionally, mass spectrometry analyses are required to identify the degradation pathways of RB19 and assess the toxicity of the resulting intermediates. Overall, ternary LDH-based catalysts demonstrate promising potential for application in sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes for the removal of organic pollutants from water. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Potential Application of Plant-Mediated Zirconia by Hydrothermal Method for Microwave-Assisted Bio-Jet Fuel Production Aldino Javier Saviola; Wega Trisunaryanti; Akhmad Syoufian; Unike Khaerani Salmayanti; Wahyu Dita Saputri; Amalia Kurnia Amin; Karna Wijaya
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2026: BCREC Volume 21 Issue 4 Year 2026 (December 2026)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20823

Abstract

Waste and biomass valorization provide promising routes for biofuel production while addressing environmental challenges associated with conventional feedstocks and energy-intensive processing. In this study, plant-mediated zirconia (ZrO₂) was hydrothermally prepared using Sapindus rarak extract (SPE) and evaluated as a catalyst for microwave-assisted hydroprocessing of used cooking oil (UCO) and Calophyllum inophyllum L. oil (CIO). Phenolic compounds and saponins were the predominant constituents of SPE, while the prepared ZrO₂ exhibited a predominantly tetragonal crystalline structure, nanoscale particles, and mesoporous characteristics associated with interparticle voids. Under microwave irradiation at 550 °C, with an H₂ flow rate of 20 mL min⁻¹, a catalyst-to-oil mass ratio of 1:100 (w/w), and a reaction time of 30 min, the prepared ZrO₂ promoted the formation of C₈–C₁₆ hydrocarbons with a higher paraffin fraction compared with commercial monoclinic ZrO₂ and catalyst-free treatment. Bio-jet fuel selectivity and yield reached 56.03% and 19.51 wt% for UCO and 48.90% and 15.72 wt% for CIO, respectively. Three consecutive reuse cycles with UCO resulted in a gradual decline in bio-jet fuel yield, accompanied by changes in product distribution and the retention of organic species on the catalyst. Altogether, these findings indicate the potential of plant-mediated ZrO₂ for microwave-assisted hydroprocessing of waste-derived and non-edible oils, while further catalyst development is needed to improve catalytic performance and product quality. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
SnO2-x/TiO2 Photocatalysts for Dye Removal Under Visible Light: Effect of Sn2+:Sn4+ Ratio on Defect Formation Haroki Madani; Saepurahman Saepurahman; Muhammad Triyogo Adiwibowo; Teguh Kurniawan; Marta Pramudita; Rusdi Rusdi
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2026: BCREC Volume 21 Issue 4 Year 2026 (December 2026)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20798

Abstract

Sn2+ self-doping of Sn-based photocatalysts is a promising route to visible-light-active photocatalysts, since Sn2+ incorporation narrows the band gap and generates oxygen vacancies that extend light absorption beyond the UV region. However, the Sn2+:Sn4+ molar ratio, which directly controls defect formation, has not been systematically varied in this heterostructure system, so its effect on defect density, band structure, and photocatalytic performance remains unclear. This study investigates that effect. SnO2-x/TiO2 with Sn2+:Sn4+ ratios of 2:1 (ST-2:1) and 1:1 (ST-1:1) were synthesized via a sol-hydrothermal method, characterized by XRD, Raman, XPS, and UV-Vis, and tested for methyl orange (MO) photodegradation under UV-A and visible light. XRD confirmed cassiterite SnO2 as the dominant phase; Raman detected short-range TiO2 ordering. XPS detected Sn2+, Sn4+, Ti3+, Ti4+ in both samples, with oxygen vacancies rising from 12.71% to 17.64% and the valence band maximum shifting upward by 0.54 eV as the Sn2+:Sn4+ ratio increased. Tauc plots gave Eg = 2.21 eV (ST-2:1) and 2.41 eV (ST-1:1), both narrower than pristine SnO2 (3.29 eV) and TiO2 (3.14 eV). ST-2:1 achieved near-complete MO degradation in 10 min under UV-A and 65% in 60 min under visible light, versus only 39% and 10% for ST-1:1, with rate constants 138 and 28 times higher, attributed to its higher defect density and narrower band gap. This study demonstrates that the Sn2+:Sn4+ ratio is an effective, tunable defect-engineering parameter for SnO2-x/TiO2 heterostructures.
Stacking-Order-Dependent Interfacial Synergy in ZnO/SnO2 and SnO2/ZnO Heterostructured Nanofilms for Enhanced Photocatalytic, Sonocatalytic and Antibacterial Activities Mohamed Amine Bezzerrouk; Ahmed Akriche; Bachir Kharroubi; Ismail Hattabi; Fabien Giovannelli; Bruno Pignon; Rabie Naceur; Mohamed Bousmaha
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2026: BCREC Volume 21 Issue 4 Year 2026 (December 2026)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20794

Abstract

In this work, ZnO/SnO2 and SnO2/ZnO composite thin films were synthesized by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique on silicon and glass substrates to investigate the effect of stacking order on structural, optical and catalytic properties. X-ray diffraction confirmed the existence of both hexagonal wurtzite ZnO and tetragonal rutile SnO2 phases with no detectable secondary phases confirming the high performance of the deposition technique. SEM analysis revealed a dense and homogeneous surface composed of compact nanoscale grains, while EDX confirmed high chemical purity. Optical measurements exhibited an average transmittance value of ~75% for ZnO/SnO2 and ~80% for SnO2/ZnO thin films in the visible region. Photocatalytic and sonocatalytic activities were evaluated through the degradation of the methylene blue dye. ZnO/SnO2 composite thin films exhibited enhanced photocatalytic efficiency, whilst SnO2/ZnO structures displayed higher sonocatalytic peformance, highlighting the remarkable effect of the deposition sequence on the catalytic behavior. In addition, the composites exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas bacteria. The ZnO/SnO2 configuration, with ZnO in contact with the agar exhibits markedly stronger antibacterial activity, as evidenced by a significant decrease in bacterial proliferation, compared to the relatively lower activity observed for the SnO2/ZnO configuration. Multiple mechanisms are responsible for this effect, including oxygen vacancies and surface electronic states, which can promote electron transfer to dissolved oxygen even under dark conditions. These findings highlight the strong influence of stacking order of ZnO/SnO2 and SnO2/ZnO systems for various applications, including sonocatalysis, photocatalysis and antibacterial activity. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Phytochemical-Mediated Green Synthesis of ZnO/Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposite from Shallot Peel Extract and Seashell Waste for Visible-Light-Assisted Photocatalytic Degradation of Remazol Red RB Textile Dye I Nyoman Sukarta; I Dewa Ketut Sastrawidana; Dewi Oktofa Rachmawati
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2026: BCREC Volume 21 Issue 4 Year 2026 (December 2026)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20812

Abstract

Textile wastewater containing persistent synthetic dyes poses significant environmental concerns due to the toxicity and low biodegradability of these dyes. This study developed a sustainable ZnO/hydroxyapatite (ZnO/HA) nanocomposite photocatalyst using shallot peel extract and seashell waste as renewable precursors for the visible-light-assisted degradation of Remazol Red RB (RRRB) dye. ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized through a phytochemical-mediated route using aqueous shallot peel extract, while hydroxyapatite was obtained from seashell waste. The resulting ZnO/HA nanocomposite, prepared at a mass ratio of 1:2.5, was characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX, and point-of-zero-charge analysis. The effects of catalyst dosage, solution pH, initial dye concentration, and irradiation time on RRRB degradation were investigated under a 50 W visible-light source. XRD analysis confirmed the coexistence of crystalline ZnO and hydroxyapatite phases, with an average crystallite size of 24.80 nm and crystallinity of 80.20%. The highest degradation efficiency obtained in the investigated conditions was 95.85% for 10 mg/L RRRB in 250 mL solution at pH of 6 using 1.0 g of ZnO/HA after 150 min irradiation. Under identical conditions, pristine ZnO achieved 93.40% degradation. The modest improvement indicates that the contribution of hydroxyapatite was primarily associated with surface adsorption, dispersion of ZnO, and increased pollutant–catalyst interaction rather than a demonstrated modification of the ZnO band structure. Because UV–Vis diffuse reflectance and catalyst-reusability measurements were not performed, changes in optical bandgap and long-term catalyst stability could not be experimentally established. Nevertheless, the results demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing two locally available biowaste resources to prepare a ZnO/HA material for visible-light-assisted dye treatment. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Backmatter (Right Transfer Agreement for Publishing Form) Istadi, Istadi
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2026: BCREC Volume 21 Issue 4 Year 2026 (December 2026)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20897

Abstract

Backmatter (Right Transfer Agreement for Publishing Form)
Immobilization of Purified α-Amylase from Aspergillus fumigatus on a Chitosan–Silica Gel 60 Hybrid: Enhanced Thermal Stability and Reusability Santalum Alba; Yandri Yandri; Tati Suhartati; Bambang Irawan; Stevenson Waruwu
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2027: BCREC Volume 22 Issue 1 Year 2027 (April 2027) (Issue in Progress)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20874

Abstract

Free α-amylase is readily inactivated at high temperatures and cannot be recovered after starch hydrolysis, which limits its industrial use. Hybrid supports can combine the advantages of their components, but a chitosan–silica gel 60 hybrid has not been reported for Aspergillus fumigatus α-amylase. This study aimed to compare the catalytic properties, thermal inactivation kinetics, and reusability of A. fumigatus α-amylase immobilized on silica gel 60, chitosan, and a chitosan–silica gel 60 hybrid. The enzyme was purified by (30–90)% ammonium sulfate fractionation and dialysis, increasing its specific activity from 702.23 to 3449.43 U/mg (4.9-fold). The hybrid, synthesized with glutaraldehyde as a cross-linker, showed the FT-IR bands of both components with wavenumber shifts, indicating their interaction. The enzyme was immobilized by physical adsorption at an optimum binding pH of 5.0 on all matrices. Immobilization raised the optimum temperature from 50 to 55 °C, increased KM from 3.48 to 4.62–5.80 mg mL−1, and decreased Vmax from 12.97 to 2.72–3.73 μmol mL−1 min−1. After 80 min at 60 °C, the purified enzyme retained 24.8% of its activity, whereas the enzyme immobilized on silica gel 60, chitosan, and the hybrid retained 77.3, 55.1, and 81.1%, respectively. The enzyme–hybrid had the longest half-life (260.85 min; a 6.5-fold increase), the highest free energy of inactivation (109.62 kJ mol−1), and the highest residual activity after six reuse cycles (57%). The chitosan–silica gel 60 hybrid is therefore a more effective support than either of its components for stabilizing and reusing α-amylase.
The Effect of Sintering Temperature on the Structural Characteristics, Particle Size, and Photocatalytic Properties of BaTiO3 and Ba0.97Sr0.03TiO3 Nanomaterials Elvinda Bendra Agustina; Abdul Hakim Prima Yuniarto; Alif Tiana Dewi; Yofentina Iriani; Trya Andini
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2027: BCREC Volume 22 Issue 1 Year 2027 (April 2027) (Issue in Progress)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20841

Abstract

BaTiO3 and Ba0.97Sr0.03TiO3 nanomaterials were synthesized by the co-precipitation method and sintered at 900 °C and 1000 °C for 4 hours. This study investigates the effect of 3 mol% Sr substitution and sintering temperature on the crystal structure, functional groups, particle-size distribution, and photocatalytic performance toward methylene blue (MB) degradation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed tetragonal perovskite BaTiO3 with weak secondary reflections, more numerous in the Sr-containing samples, and no resolved shift of the (101) reflection after Sr substitution. The crystallite size estimated from XRD was 30-33 nm (Scherrer plot) and 37-46 nm (unsplit (111) reflection), whereas dynamic light scattering (DLS) gave Z-average hydrodynamic diameters of about 250-440 nm, indicating agglomeration of the crystallites; the Sr-containing powder was smaller only at 900 °C. FTIR spectra showed the characteristic Ti-O (Ba-Ti-O) stretching band at 565-576 cm-1. Photocatalytic activity was evaluated using 10 ppm MB solution under UV irradiation. The apparent MB removal, calculated from the absorbance at 664 nm, was ≈34% and ≈24% for Ba0.97Sr0.03TiO3 sintered at 900 °C and 1000 °C, compared with ≈28% and ≈0% for undoped BaTiO3; thus Sr substitution increased, and the higher sintering temperature decreased, the apparent removal. The origin of this behavior was not directly characterized and requires further study. Copyright © 2027 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

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