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Emitor: Jurnal Teknik Elektro
Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
ISSN : 14118890     EISSN : 25414518     DOI : https://doi.org/10.23917/emitor
Core Subject : Engineering,
Engineering
Emitor: Jurnal Teknik Elektro merupakan jurnal ilmiah yang diterbitkan oleh Jurusan Teknik Elektro Fakultas Teknik Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta dengan tujuan sebagai media publikasi ilmiah di bidang ke-teknik elektro-an yang meliputi bidang Sistem Tenaga Listrik (STL), Sistem Isyarat dan Elektronika (SIE) yang meliputi Elektronika, Telekomunikasi, Komputasi, Kontrol, Instrumentasi, Elektronika Medis (biomedika) dan Sistem Komputer dan Informatika (SKI).
Arjuna Subject : Teknik (semua kategori) - Teknik Listrik dan Elektro
Articles 11 Documents
 1   2 
Search results for , issue "Vol 26, No 1: March 2026" : 11 Documents clear
Design and Construction of Inverse Time & Definite Time Overcurrent Relay Based on Arduino Uno susilo, rizky; Handri Gunanto, Lucianus; Ipniansyah, Ipniansyah; Abdurrahim, Abdurrahim; Nugroho, Toto; Fikri Fadhillah, Gusti; Ary Sandy Saputra, Muhammad
Emitor: Jurnal Teknik Elektro Vol 26, No 1: March 2026
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/emitor.v26i1.13678

Abstract

This system is designed to detect overcurrent faults, then disconnect them from the circuit. In inverse time overcurrent relay, the relay trip time will depend on the magnitude of the fault current. The greater the fault current, the shorter the relay trip time will be. Meanwhile, in definite time overcurrent relay, the relay trip time will work according to the specified time. This system consists of Arduino Uno, PZEM-004T, and relay module. PZEM-004T acts as a current sensor that can measure the current value flowing in the load. Arduino Uno is used as a microcontroller that can process data that has been measured through PZEM-004T. Then, if the current flowing in the load has exceeded the specified value, the Arduino Uno will activate the relay that can disconnect the current flowing in the load. The system was tested using an induction motor and variable resistor. The test results show that this system works effectively and efficiently, and can protect the load from damage due to overcurrent faults
Design of Arduino-based Overvoltage Type time-lag Relay Aprylianto Susilo, Rizky; Bustani, Bustani; Toyib, Toyib; Qomaruddin, Qomaruddin; Lucky Ziesya, Muhammad; Alfarizza, Rizki; Aditya Yuhendra, Effri
Emitor: Jurnal Teknik Elektro Vol 26, No 1: March 2026
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/emitor.v26i1.13687

Abstract

Abstract - Voltage stability is the main prerequisite for electrical equipment to operate safely and reliably. This research design builds a single-phase protection system against overvoltage conditions. It is based on the Arduino Uno microcontroller with a time-lag relay scheme. The PZEM-004T sensor reliably monitors the input voltage of 80-260 V AC and sends the data using the UART communication protocol to the Arduino for analysis against the 192 V and 231 V thresholds. When the voltage exceeds these limits, the Arduino will automatically trigger a 5 V DC relay after a programmed time delay. This ensures that transient disturbances do not trigger premature disconnection of power. A 16x2 I2C LCD interface and three push-buttons allow users to monitor real-time voltage as well as set overvoltage, time-delay and calibration offset limits. Testing of the design results showed that the system successfully disconnected and connected the load according to the parameters, with a voltage reading error of < 1% after calibration and a trip time deviation below 10% of the set point. The research design, using easily accessible components, effectively teaches the principles of overvoltage protection relays, despite technical limitations. Keywords − overvoltage, time-lag relay, arduino, voltage protection.
Study on the Utilization of Banana Stem and Rice Bran Waste as a Biogas Source for Electric Power Generation Gusti Komang Apriadi, I; Ilham, Jumiati; Irawaty Tolago, Ade; Ismail Yusuf, Taufiq
Emitor: Jurnal Teknik Elektro Vol 26, No 1: March 2026
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/emitor.v26i1.13851

Abstract

The increasing volume of agricultural waste, particularly banana stems and rice bran, presents an environmental challenge due to improper disposal and underutilization. This study aims to address this issue by using these wastes as alternative raw materials for biogas production through a 25-day anaerobic fermentation process. Three substrate variations were tested: 100% banana stem, 100% rice bran, and a 50:50 mixture of both. The observed parameters included methane gas concentration (CH₄), pH, temperature, biogas pressure, flame quality, and electrical energy conversion. Results indicated that the mixed substrate produced the highest methane concentration of 101.07 ppm, pressure of 104,266.99 Pa, and a stable blue flame lasting 16 minutes 25 seconds. The pH values range between 6.5–7.1 under mesophilic temperatures (30–36.5°C). The highest electrical energy output was 0.321391 kWh from the mixed substrate. These findings demonstrate that combining banana stem and rice bran substrates is more efficient for biogas generation and has strong potential as a renewable energy source for sustainable applications.
Solar Power Plant (PLTS) Power Monitoring System Based on the Internet of Things (IoT) Using the Blynk and Telegram Platforms Madjowa, Tyo Sulistio; Ilham, Jumiati; Hidayat, Ikhsan; Abdussamad, Salmawaty Tansa , Syahrir; Z. Nasibu, Iskandar
Emitor: Jurnal Teknik Elektro Vol 26, No 1: March 2026
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/emitor.v26i1.14225

Abstract

Solar energy is one of the renewable energy sources that has the potential to be developed in Indonesia. However, monitoring the performance of Solar Power Plants (PLTS) is generally still carried out conventionally so that the data obtained is not real-time and makes it difficult to detect disturbances. The Internet of Things (IoT) based PLTS electric power monitoring system is designed to monitor electrical parameters in real-time, including voltage, current, power, temperature, and humidity. The system design uses PZEM-004T, PZEM-017, and DHT11 sensors integrated with an ESP32 microcontroller as the main controller. The measurement data is displayed on an OLED screen and sent to the Blynk and Telegram applications as remote monitoring media with an automatic notification feature. The test results show that the system works well and has a high level of accuracy. During daytime testing, the highest DC and AC voltage values were recorded at 18.22 V and 233.8 V, respectively, while at night they reached 12.36 V and 228.1 V. The maximum DC current and power values were 0.44 A and 7.9 W, respectively. Comparison with manual measuring instruments showed very small measurement differences, namely 0.01–0.05 V for DC voltage and 0.1% for humidity, with an average error of only 0.07%. These findings prove that the developed IoT-based monitoring system is stable, accurate, and efficient in monitoring the condition of the solar power plant in real-time, and has the potential to be further developed on a larger scale through the integration of cloud storage and intelligent energy management.
Design And Implementation Of A Current Monitoring And Protection System Based On Pzem-004t For On-Grid Pv Systems ilham, Enggie Faturrahman; Fadlilah, Umi
Emitor: Jurnal Teknik Elektro Vol 26, No 1: March 2026
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/emitor.v26i1.14632

Abstract

The development of renewable energy systems, especially three-phase on-grid PLTS, requires accurate current monitoring and reliable protection. This study designs a monitoring and protection system using three PZEM-004T sensors to measure voltage, current, and power on each phase, with an ESP8266 as the central controller. A 100 WP solar panel supplies energy through a charge controller, battery, and three-phase inverter before being connected to the PLN grid. Experimental results show high measurement accuracy, with current errors of 0.00–0.13% and voltage errors of 0.07–0.15%. The system successfully detected load variations in the 7.10–8.30 A range and activated relay-based protection when overcurrent conditions occurred. Although testing reached only 8 A, the design supports currents up to 50 A. The integrated system provides effective real-time monitoring and automatic current cutoff, improving the safety and reliability of on-grid PLTS installations. Future work may include enhanced internet-based monitoring or long-range communication such as LoRa.
Optimizing Energy Usage on Madiun State Polytechnic Hybrid Trains Using Quadratic Programming and Genetic Algorithms Yudi Wicaksono, Ricto; Rosy Prasetyo , Fery; Febriyanti Puspitasari, Fryscha
Emitor: Jurnal Teknik Elektro Vol 26, No 1: March 2026
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/emitor.v26i1.14694

Abstract

The transportation sector remains heavily dependent on oil-based energy, making the development of environmentally friendly modes essential. Hybrid trains, which combine catenary electricity with diesel engines, offer improved efficiency and reduced emissions. However, managing dual energy sources requires effective optimization to ensure efficient power distribution. This study applies two approaches to optimize power allocation in hybrid trains: Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Quadratic Programming (QP Linear). Simulation results show that both methods yield identical outcomes with a total cost of 2698.80, and similar distribution patterns: the pantograph is kept constant at about 114 kW, while additional demand is supplied by the diesel engine. Results also indicate that during step curves, diesel allocation increases due to additional engine load when the train negotiates turns. The key difference lies in the optimization process: QP Linear provides faster and deterministic solutions, while GA requires hundreds of iterations but offers greater flexibility for non-linear or complex problems.
Estimation of Lithium-Ion Battery State of Charge: A Comparative Study of Four Variants of Kalman Filters Based on Equivalent Circuit Model Axiosa Nalendra Haidar Putra; Arya Kusumawardana; Heri Wijayanto; Satrio Prakoso
Emitor: Jurnal Teknik Elektro Vol 26, No 1: March 2026
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/emitor.v26i1.15149

Abstract

State of Charge (SoC) adalah parameter kritis dalam Sistem Manajemen Baterai (BMS) lithium-ion, karena mempengaruhi keselamatan, kerahasiaan, dan efisiensi operasional. Studi ini membandingkan empat metode berbasis Filter Kalman, yaitu Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), Extended Kalman–Bucy Filter (EKBF), Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF), dan Unscented Kalman–Bucy Filter (UKBF), untuk estimasi SoC. Model baterai ekivalen Thevenin orde kedua diimplementasikan dalam MATLAB/Simulink menggunakan data eksperimental dari uji pelepasan arus konstan 1,5 A pada suhu 30 °C, 40 °C, dan 50 °C. Penghitungan Coulomb digunakan sebagai metode referensi, sementara akurasi estimasi dievaluasi menggunakan MAE, RMSE, dan MAPE. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa EKF dan EKBF dapat mengikuti tren SoC tetapi menghasilkan kesalahan yang lebih besar karena keterbatasan linearisasi. Sebaliknya, UKF dan terutama UKBF memberikan estimasi yang lebih akurat dan stabil. Oleh karena itu, UKBF dianggap sebagai metode yang andal untuk memperkirakan SoC dalam aplikasi BMS.
Design and Performance Evaluation of an Off-Grid Solar Powered Automatic Aquarium Water Filling System 100 Wp Mufti Ardi, Ardhe; Sunardi, Sunardi
Emitor: Jurnal Teknik Elektro Vol 26, No 1: March 2026
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/emitor.v26i1.15758

Abstract

The increasing use of aquariums in household environments requires a reliable and automated water filling system to maintain stable water volume. In general, aquarium water filling systems still rely on electric pumps powered by the public electricity grid (PLN), which increases electricity consumption and may cause operational disruptions during power outages. This study aims to design and experimentally evaluate the performance of an automatic aquarium water filling system based on a 100 Wp off-grid photovoltaic (PV) power system. The proposed system consists of a 100 Wp solar panel, a pulse-width modulation (PWM) solar charge controller, a 12 V 20 Ah VRLA battery, a DC–AC inverter, a single-phase water pump, and a float switch–based water level sensor. The system design was carried out based on load analysis and component requirement calculations, followed by experimental testing under real operating conditions. Performance evaluation included measurements of photovoltaic output characteristics, battery charging behavior, inverter  output stability, and water pump performance during the aquarium filling process. The experimental results show that  the  photovoltaic system produced an average operating voltage of 13.72 V under solar irradiance conditions of up to approximately 1,000 W/m2. The battery charging current ranged from 3.3 A to 6.3 A, with an average value of 5.9 A, and the battery voltage increased from 6.4 V to 12.6 V during the charging process. The inverter was able to maintain a relatively stable AC output voltage in the range of 232–234 V and supplied an average power of 36.9 W to the water pump during battery-powered operation. During aquarium filling tests, the water pump operated at a voltage range of 232–235 V with a current of 0.8–0.9 A and an electrical power range of 50.32–56.37 W. The system successfully filled a 90-liter aquarium with a filling time ranging from 12.85 to 18.01 minutes and a corresponding water flow rate of 5.00–6.71 L/min. These results demonstrate that a compact 100 Wp fully off-grid photovoltaic system integrated with battery energy storage, inverter-based AC operation, and float switch–based automatic control is capable of reliably supporting an automatic aquarium water filling process. This study provides experimental evidence that small-scale photovoltaic systems can serve as a practical and sustainable alternative energy source for household aquarium automation applications. 
An IoT-Based Implementation with Node-RED for Real-Time Monitoring and Early Warning of Laboratory Energy Consumption via Telegram Damayanti, Annisa Maulidia; Sarifudin; Nor, Syafriyadi
Emitor: Jurnal Teknik Elektro Vol 26, No 1: March 2026
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/emitor.v26i1.16040

Abstract

Accurate and responsive monitoring of electricity consumption plays a crucial role in improving energy efficiency. This study develops an Internet of Things (IoT)-based kWh meter monitoring system equipped with real-time early warning features when room-level energy consumption exceeds a predefined threshold. The implementation was carried out in two laboratories, integrating Modbus RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) for data acquisition, MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) as the communication protocol, Node-RED for integration and visualization, and SQLite as the database. Automatic notifications are delivered via Telegram when the total power consumption surpasses 2000 W. Experimental results demonstrate that the system can reliably record data at 30-second intervals, with voltage and frequency remaining stable in accordance with nominal standards, while current and total active power reflect actual load conditions. The power factor remained close to 1, indicating high energy efficiency. The system has proven effective in providing timely early warnings, enabling operators to respond promptly to increases in energy consumption. The main contribution of this research is the simple yet effective integration of Modbus RTU, MQTT, Node-RED, and SQLite for laboratory-scale energy monitoring with real-time notifications, which can be potentially expanded to a multi-building scale.
Design and Implementation of a Microcontroller-Based Air Filter System with Android Application Interface Muhammad, Kusban; Ramadhan Putra, Rafigo; Purnomo, Eko
Emitor: Jurnal Teknik Elektro Vol 26, No 1: March 2026
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/emitor.v26i1.16143

Abstract

Indoor air quality is a crucial factor influencing occupants’ health and comfort. Various issues, including dust particles, excessive humidity, hazardous gases, and inadequate lighting conditions, can significantly reduce indoor air quality. However, most existing air filter systems still lack real-time monitoring and remote control capabilities. Therefore, this study aims to develop a microcontroller-based air filter system using ESP32 integrated with an Android application via Wi-Fi connectivity. The proposed system utilizes a DHT22 sensor to measure temperature and humidity, a GP2Y1010AU0F sensor to detect dust particles, an MQ-135 sensor to detect harmful gases and unpleasant odors, and a BH1750 sensor to measure light intensity. All sensor data are processed by the ESP32 microcontroller and displayed through an Android application developed using Android Studio, allowing users to monitor indoor air quality conditions in real time. System testing was conducted under several indoor air quality scenarios, including variations in humidity and dust concentration levels. The results demonstrate that the system operates accurately, responsively, and in real time in monitoring indoor air quality. Furthermore, the system can be remotely controlled through the Android application. This system is expected to improve indoor air quality while providing positive impacts on environmental health and comfort.

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