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Security Intelligence Terrorism Journal (SITJ)
Published by Pusat Studi Politik dan Kebijakan Strategis Indonesia
ISSN : -     EISSN : 30637473     DOI : https://doi.org/10.70710/sitj
Core Subject : Social,
Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences
Security Intelligence Terrorism Journal (SITJ) is a leading journal focused on the role of intelligence and secretive agencies in international relations and counterterrorism
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Ilmu Sosial (Lain-Lain)
Articles 84 Documents
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Countering Radicalisation Financing Through Financial Intelligence and Predictive Risk Analytics from A Security Governance Perspective Vipul V. Tamhane
Security Intelligence Terrorism Journal (SITJ) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Pusat Studi Politik dan Kebijakan Strategis Indonesia (POLKASI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70710/sitj.v3i2.96

Abstract

The global counterterrorism financing (CTF) architecture faces a systemic gap. Whereas conventional Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) frameworks and Anti-Money Laundering/Counter Financing of Terrorism (AML/CFT) regimes were designed to detect operational terrorist financing, the movement of funds toward imminent attacks, they cannot detect the antecedent layer: radicalisation financing. This paper develops a novel framework, the Predictive Security Governance (PSG) model, to address this governance deficit. Drawing from a systematic literature review with expansive sources spanning financial intelligence transformation, machine learning applications, security governance theory, and human rights jurisprudence, the paper puts forward the PSG model as a theoretical frame, shown through four real-world-ish cases. These include Islamic State crowdfunding, Hamas cryptocurrency channels, far-right online donation ecosystems, and South Asian hawala linked networks. The overall idea blends three mutually dependent dimensions, as they feed each other: Institutional Intelligence Fusion; Algorithmic Risk Profiling (rooted in a three layer predictive architecture), and Human Rights Anchored Governance (put into practice via a proportionality triage mechanism). A Bidirectional Analytical Model (BAM) specifies the recursive feedback between intelligence outputs and governance recalibration, including explicit boundary conditions governing BAM functionality in data-sparse and institutionally constrained contexts. Existing CTF frameworks, the FATF risk-based approach, Egmont intelligence-sharing protocols, and UN CTED rights guidance, address radicalisation financing phenomenologically but not governance-systemically; the PSG model is the first framework to integrate institutional, algorithmic, and normative dimensions for this specific domain.
Tax Intelligence Analysis in Mitigating the Threat of Tax Evasion Through Transfer Pricing Practices in the Palm Oil Industry: A Case Study of PT Asian Agri Group Dimas Dwiaryanto; Sundawan Salya; Ivan Yulivan
Security Intelligence Terrorism Journal (SITJ) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Pusat Studi Politik dan Kebijakan Strategis Indonesia (POLKASI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70710/sitj.v3i2.97

Abstract

The palm oil sector stands as a strategic pillar for Indonesia's economy, significantly contributing to the nation's GDP and fiscal revenue. However, the industry faces acute non-conventional threats from tax evasion orchestrated via abusive transfer pricing (TP) mechanisms. This study analyzes the root causes and multidimensional impacts of these threats and formulates a robust tax intelligence strategy to safeguard national economic resilience. Adopting a post-positivist paradigm, this qualitative descriptive research evaluates the landmark case of PT Asian Agri Group (AAG), which legally resulted in a state loss of Rp1.25 Trillion. Data collection involved in-depth, semi-structured interviews with eight purposively selected strategic informants across the State Intelligence Agency (BIN), the Directorate General of Taxes (DJP), industry representatives, and tax practitioners. Integrating Creswell’s thematic framework with the Intelligence Analysis Cycle, the findings indicate that the threat level of transfer pricing-driven tax evasion is 'Acute' (Threat Coefficient Score: 19), propelled by a perfect synergy between strategic corporate intent (desire for zero-tax structures) and sophisticated operational capabilities (cross-border shell companies, faked invoicing, and fabricated expenses). Utilizing Barry Buzan’s security matrix, the study shows that the impact spans across economic, political, and societal dimensions, distorting market competition and eroding fiscal sovereignty. Grounded in Arthur F. Lykke Jr.’s strategic model, this paper prescribes a layered intelligence framework emphasizing advanced Big Data Analytics, digital forensically driven evidence gathering to prove mens rea, global data exchange matching (AEoI/CbCR), and interagency enforcement taskforces as a critical deterrence paradigm.
Intelligence Strategies in Mitigating National Security Threats in the Land Sector Muhamad Ilyas Ruhiyat
Security Intelligence Terrorism Journal (SITJ) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Pusat Studi Politik dan Kebijakan Strategis Indonesia (POLKASI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70710/sitj.v3i2.98

Abstract

Introduction: Land issues in Indonesia have developed into national security threats affecting political, economic, social, defense, and environmental sectors. Land ownership conflicts, document forgery, illegal land occupation, land mafia practices, and vulnerabilities in electronic data security indicate that land problems are no longer limited to administrative matters, but have influenced national stability. Therefore, an intelligence strategy is needed to support the prevention and mitigation of threats in the land sector. Methods: This study employed a descriptive qualitative approach through interviews, literature reviews, and document analysis. Informants consisted of representatives from the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency, State Intelligence Agency, National Cyber and Crypto Agency, law enforcement institutions, and judicial institutions. Data were analyzed qualitatively with the assistance of Nvivo 12 Pro software. Results: The findings show that threats in the land sector are both tangible and latent. Tangible threats include document forgery, overlapping ownership claims, land conflicts, and the potential for violence, while latent threats involve unequal land ownership, declining public trust, land mafia practices, and cybersecurity threats. Intelligence strategies are implemented through investigation, security, and public engagement functions by utilizing data based monitoring, document verification, strengthening electronic system security, and interagency coordination. Conclusion: Land related issues have become national security threats that require strategic and integrated approaches. Intelligence strategies play an important role in supporting early detection, data protection, conflict mitigation, and strengthening national stability. The success of these strategies depends on the readiness of human resources, technological capacity, cybersecurity resilience, institutional integrity, and interagency coordination.
Cyber Open Source Intelligence in Counter-Terrorism: A Systematic Literature Review and Indonesian Case Study Analysis Rizal Amrullah; Vedaniar Zahra Danardini Mulia
Security Intelligence Terrorism Journal (SITJ) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Pusat Studi Politik dan Kebijakan Strategis Indonesia (POLKASI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70710/sitj.v3i2.100

Abstract

The burden on Indonesia’s counterterrorism (CT) services has increased due to terrorist groups’ exploitation of the internet. Between 2023 and 2025, the National Counter-Terrorism Agency (BNPT) recorded 137 actors who were actively abusing the internet for terrorism; in 2025 alone, 21,199 radical content pieces were reported on key platforms. In this setting, open source intelligence (OSINT), or intelligence drawn from publicly accessible material, has become a crucial strategic weapon; nevertheless, Indonesian scholarship is still dispersed and policy-disconnected. In accordance with PRISMA 2020 principles, a systematic literature review (SLR) of 47 peer-reviewed papers (2014–2025) is presented in this work together with a case study analysis of the 2018 Surabaya bombings and the 2024 disintegration of Jemaah Islamiyah (JI). The research reveals six theme clusters: the growth of OSINT, cyber tools and AI integration, terrorist cyberspace exploitation, OSINT applications in CT, ethical-legal frameworks, and the Indonesian institutional environment. As a result of inter-agency fragmentation across Densus 88, BNPT, BSSN, and BIN, the case studies show that pre-attack OSINT signals in 2018 were observable but not put together into actionable intelligence. The study makes the case that Indonesia needs a federated OSINT doctrine that is in line with Law No. 5/2018 and the Personal Data Protection Law (UU PDP 27/2022). It also suggests a five-part policy framework based on securitization theory, intelligence cycle theory, and second-generation OSINT.
Counter-Terrorism in the Nusantara National Capital City: A PPRR-Based Analysis of Cyber, Maritime, and Social Vulnerabilities Aulya Nanda Permana
Security Intelligence Terrorism Journal (SITJ) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Pusat Studi Politik dan Kebijakan Strategis Indonesia (POLKASI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70710/sitj.v3i2.101

Abstract

This study examines terrorism threats in the Nusantara National Capital City through the PPRR framework, namely prevention, preparation, response, and recovery, to identify key vulnerabilities and formulate an integrated counter-terrorism strategy. The article argues that terrorism in the new capital should not be understood merely as the possibility of physical attacks on the center of government, but as a multidimensional threat shaped by social vulnerabilities, land and governance issues, digital dependence arising from smart city development, and cross-border maritime exposure. Drawing on a descriptive qualitative design based on literature review and secondary data, the study shows that the security challenges of the Nusantara National Capital City are closely linked to local social grievances, cyber risks targeting Internet of Things-based critical infrastructure, and maritime-terrorism risks associated with the Sulu-Sulawesi corridor. The analysis further finds that effective counterterrorism in the Nusantara National Capital City cannot be pursued through sectoral measures alone, but requires the integration of pentahelix-based deradicalization, cyber resilience centered on local CSIRT and national BSSN coordination, and strengthened maritime defense through patrols, UAVs, and surveillance of strategic sea routes. It concludes that the security of the new capital will be more robust if cyber, maritime, and social threats are treated not as separate policy problems, but as mutually connected layers within a sustainable national security design.
Analysis of ASCON Lightweight Authenticated Encryption for UAV Surveillance Communication Security Vedaniar Zahra Danardini Mulia; Rizal Amrullah
Security Intelligence Terrorism Journal (SITJ) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Pusat Studi Politik dan Kebijakan Strategis Indonesia (POLKASI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70710/sitj.v3i2.102

Abstract

The advancement of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology has brought attention to the necessity of secure communication in intelligence and surveillance missions. UAV systems are susceptible to a number of cybersecurity threats since they depend on wireless communication, including eavesdropping, spoofing, replay attacks, telemetry manipulation, and hijacking. Although traditional cryptography techniques offer robust security, their high computational and energy costs render them unsuitable for the limited capabilities of UAVs. This study employs a comparative literature assessment of papers published between 2021 and 2026 to analyse ASCON lightweight cryptography as a potential solution for secure UAV surveillance communications. Confidentiality, integrity verification, authentication capabilities, and overall computational and energy efficiency against significant threats are important factors evaluated. The results demonstrate how effectively ASCON supports Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD), which provides total security for confidentiality, integrity, and authentication while consuming little energy and computing resources. Additionally, ASCON is more resilient to spoofing and replay attacks than other conventional and lightweight cryptographic methods. This study highlights ASCON's capabilities in limited operating conditions and promotes the use of lightweight authenticated encryption algorithms in future UAV cybersecurity frameworks and embedded surveillance systems.
Human Security Threat Analysis in the Cambridge Analytica Case Based on the UNDP 1994 Framework Muhamad Umar Nugroho; Vina Selvia; Ardhian Dwi Saputra
Security Intelligence Terrorism Journal (SITJ) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Pusat Studi Politik dan Kebijakan Strategis Indonesia (POLKASI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70710/sitj.v3i2.104

Abstract

The rapid growth of digital technologies and social media platforms has created new challenges related to privacy, data protection, and information manipulation. One of the most prominent examples is the Cambridge Analytica scandal, in which personal data from millions of Facebook users were collected and utilized for psychographic profiling and political micro-targeting. This study aims to analyze the Cambridge Analytica case using the Human Security framework introduced by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in the Human Development Report 1994. A qualitative case study approach was employed, utilizing literature review and document analysis from academic publications, official reports, investigative journalism, and policy documents related to Human Security, digital manipulation, and data exploitation. The findings indicate that the Cambridge Analytica scandal represents a contemporary Human Security threat in the digital era. The case primarily affected three dimensions of Human Security: political security, personal security, and community security. Political security was threatened through voter manipulation and interference in democratic processes; personal security was compromised through privacy violations and unauthorized data exploitation; while community security was weakened through the creation of echo chambers and increasing social polarization. The study also highlights that human vulnerabilities, including limited digital literacy, excessive trust in digital platforms, and susceptibility to psychological manipulation, played a significant role in enabling data exploitation. The findings suggest that strengthening digital literacy, improving data protection regulations, enhancing platform accountability, and promoting ethical digital governance are essential for safeguarding Human Security in the contemporary digital environment.
Counterintelligence-Based Prevention Framework: An Analysis of Indonesian Pathways to AQAP Recruitment, 2020–2024 Didik Prayogi; Asep Adang Supriyadi
Security Intelligence Terrorism Journal (SITJ) Vol. 3 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Pusat Studi Politik dan Kebijakan Strategis Indonesia (POLKASI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70710/sitj.v3i3.106

Abstract

This article examines the pathways through which Indonesian nationals became connected to the recruitment ecosystem of Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) in Yemen during 2020–2024 and develops a counterintelligence-based prevention framework to mitigate such transnational mobilization. Using a qualitative instrumental case study design, the research draws on semi-structured interviews with eleven key informants, documentary analysis, court-related materials, open-source intelligence, and thematic coding supported by NVivo 12. The findings show that Indonesian involvement in the AQAP ecosystem cannot be explained solely by ideological indoctrination. Instead, it emerges from the interaction of personal significance crises, jihadist narratives, social-religious networks, and structural opportunities created by legal or semi-legal mobility channels. Operationally, the mobilization process reflects the adaptation of intelligence tradecraft by non-state actors, including administrative cover, compartmentation, social embedding, and selective communication. The article argues that prevention requires an integrated counterintelligence model that combines early detection, network disruption, administrative-diplomatic screening, and interagency data fusion. This framework highlights the need to move beyond post-incident law enforcement and toward preventive, accountable, and intelligence-led intervention across the radicalization–facilitation–mobility continuum.
The Dissolution of Jamaah Islamiyah as Collective Deradicalisation and Its Implications for Indonesia’s National Security Ignal Setya Prabowo
Security Intelligence Terrorism Journal (SITJ) Vol. 3 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Pusat Studi Politik dan Kebijakan Strategis Indonesia (POLKASI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70710/sitj.v3i3.107

Abstract

The declaration of Jamaah Islamiyah’s dissolution on 30 June 2024 marked an important turning point in Indonesia’s counterterrorism landscape. This article analyses the impact of the dissolution on the continuity of former Jamaah Islamiyah members’ activities and its implications for Indonesia’s national security. This study uses a qualitative approach based on in-depth interviews with former Jamaah Islamiyah members, law enforcement and intelligence officials, and academics, supported by indirect observation and document studies. The analysis is conducted through data condensation, data display, conclusion drawing, verification, and triangulation. The findings show that Jamaah Islamiyah’s dissolution represents the culmination of a collective deradicalisation process, indicated by the cessation of violence, ideological correction, demilitarisation of clandestine and military structures, and the transition of former members’ activities into legal social, educational, and religious domains. From a national security perspective, the dissolution has significantly reduced the operational threat of Jamaah Islamiyah as a structured terrorist organisation. However, it has not automatically eliminated residual challenges related to former members, affiliated educational institutions, social assets, and long-term ideological integration. Therefore, post-dissolution counterterrorism policy should move beyond repressive measures and emphasise sustained reintegration, early detection, institutional supervision, and socio-economic empowerment.
Counter-terrorism Strategies in Bangladesh: The Role of Police and Non-Governmental Organizations in Tackling Extremism Bernad Eric Biswas; MD Ariful Islam; Muhammad Salman Farchy
Security Intelligence Terrorism Journal (SITJ) Vol. 3 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Pusat Studi Politik dan Kebijakan Strategis Indonesia (POLKASI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70710/sitj.v3i3.108

Abstract

Bangladesh's counter-terrorism architecture has undergone major changes since the Holey Artisan Bakery attack of 2016 and more recently, the proliferation of anti-violent extremism (AVE) groups, especially police and security forces, as well as the increasing cooperation between government agencies and non-governmental groups in tackling violent extremism. Throughout the study, a mixed-methods explanatory design is used. Institutional and documentary analysis focuses on the process of legal, organizational and operational reform as a result of the attack on Holey Artisan Bakery in 2016, and a cross sectional survey with 150 purposively selected respondents from various segments including police officers, NGO practitioners, community leaders, and residents in Dhaka, Chittagong, Rajshahi and Sylhet divisions offers quantitative evidence on the perceived effectiveness of police-initiated actions and NGO-run preventive activities in reducing extremism. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression with two control variables (age and residence division) were used in analyzing survey data in SPSS version 26. Cronbach's α for the three composite scales was acceptable (ranging from .78 to .86). The regression model explains 66% of the variance in perceived reduction of extremism (R² = .66, adjusted R² = .65, F(4, 145) = 70.31, p < .001). The standardized coefficients show that the police efforts (β = .52, p < .001) and the preventive activities run by NGOs (β = .38, p < .001) both significantly affect extremism, with the former having the greater effect. Institutional findings reveal the growing centralisation of specialist units, like the Counter Terrorism and Transnational Crime (CTTC) Unit and the Anti-Terrorism Unit (ATU), the enhanced inter-agency intelligence sharing and the slow progress in the implementation of community policing. The role of NGOs ranges from grassroots mobilisation, youth empowerment, counter-narrative development, to reintegration of formerly radicalised people. The results suggest a mixed approach of hard and soft counter-terrorism measures, with hard security measures complementing soft ones based on the community. But these gains are not sustainable due to ongoing human rights concerns, politicization of counter-terrorism legislation, inter-agency coordination issues and a lack of capacity to engage with digital and transnational threats. The paper suggests that Bangladesh needs to build its capability against large-scale attacks by establishing institutional accountability, formalizing police-NGO cooperation and institutional engagement with communities.

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