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Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas
Published by LEMIGAS
ISSN : 20893361     EISSN : 25410520     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science, Engineering,
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Energy
The Scientific Contributions for Oil and Gas is the official journal of the Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS for the dissemination of information on research activities, technology engineering development and laboratory testing in the oil and gas field. Manuscripts in English are accepted from all in any institutions, college and industry oil and gas throughout the country and overseas.
Arjuna Subject : Energi (semua kategori) - Teknologi Bahan Bakar
Articles 619 Documents
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PRODUCTION OF UNLEADED GASOLINE IN ASEAN COUNTRIES A.S. Nasution; E. Jasjfi
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas Vol 29 No 2 (2006)
Publisher : Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29017/SCOG.29.2.1026

Abstract

Worldwide crude supply is experiencing a mod- est trend towards heavier and high sulfur content. The Middle East, being traditionally the world's ma- jor oil exporting region, will continue to be the princi- pal supplier of lower quality crude's in the future", For the period 1992-2005, the average annual demand growth rate for light products ( gasoline, kero- sene, diesel oil) is higher than for residual fuel oil21, These data clearly show that the need will continue for converting additional bottom fraction into light products, by both thermal or catalytic conversions. The passage of the Clean Air Act Amendement of 1990 in the USA has forced American refineries to install new facilities to comply with stricter speci- fications for fuels such as gasoline and diesel oil such as Asia-Pacific, California Air Resources Board (CARB) and European Commission (EC) [3.4. 5). Various terms in the models address qualities and the gasoline blended such as benzene, total aromatics and olefin contents, RVP, the T90 of distillation range, sulphur content, and oxygenates content. Comparison of fue l specifications between ASEAN countries and reformulated fuels and typi- cal compositions of gasoline and gas oil components for production of commercial unleaded gasoline is included in this report.
PLEISTOCENE PALYNOLOGY OF EAST JAVA Eko Budi Lelono
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas Vol 29 No 3 (2006)
Publisher : Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29017/SCOG.29.3.1027

Abstract

This study is a part of geological investigation on Pleistocene sediment in East Java in order to evaluate hydrocarbon potential within this sediment of this area. The area of study is located in the on-shore East Java (Figure 1). It is financially supported by the oil company as this is commercial work done by LEMIGAS Exploration Department. Therefore, data used in this paper will be incompletely presented as they are confidential. The name of the studied wells and their precise locations are hided in this paper. Data used in this study derives from three wells namely R, S and T. Three different disciplines are applied in this study including palynology, micropaleontology and nannoplankton analyses which are useful for crosschecking purposes. Apparently, the integration of these analyses gains accurate interpretation of stratigraphy and depositional environment. The area of study is in East Java Basin which can be classified as a classical back-arc basin. During Pleistocene, the area of study was marked by regional uplift and the cessation of open marine sedimentation (LEMIGAS, 2005). Therefore Pleistocene age was dominated by non-marine deposition. Generally, this type of sediment is separated from the underlying layer by an unconformity (LEMIGAS, 2005). Most Pleistocene sediment consists of volcanoclastic as a result of volcanic activity which related to uplifting period. It is possible that volcanic activity was responsible for the burning of grass as indicated by the occurrence of charred Gramineae cuticles. The previous investigations on Pleistocene sediment showed the domination of grass pollen of Monoporites annulatus which suggested the expansion of dry climate during Pleistocene glacial maxima. The pollen diagram from Lombok Ridge produced by van der Kaas (1991a) proves the domination of Gramineae pollen during Pleistocene (Figure 2). The period of dry climate (glacial climate) is characterised by abundant Gramineae pollen, whilst the period of wetter climate (interglacial climate) is indicated by an increase of coastal and mangrove palynomorphs, but greatly reduced frequencies of Graminaae pollen (Morley, 2000). In addition, Rahardjo et al. (1994) referred to the high abundance of Monoporites annulatus to propose Pleistocene pollen zone of M. annulatus (Figure 3).
ON GOING COALBED METHANE (CBM) DEVELOPMENT IN THE SOUTH SUMATRA BASIN Imam B. Sosrowidjojo
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas Vol 29 No 3 (2006)
Publisher : Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29017/SCOG.29.3.1028

Abstract

Coalbed methane (CBM) is going to be an important facet of the nation’s energy mix. It is expected to contribute in importance energy back up for the future. CBM is natural gas, a clean-burning energy source that is reservoired in a coal seam. CBM is formed during the coal maturation process and may in a free or adsorbed state in coal seams in adjacent formations. CBM is dominantly methane but lesser concentrations of carbon dioxide and nitrogen, compare to conventional natural gas. However, in most cases, CBM is of sufficient quality for sale directly into natural gas transmission lines with a limited amount of moisture removal.CBM as natural gas has numerous benefits to include direct selling, well suited as city gas, electricity generation, boiler fuel, transportation fuel, and for many types of chemical industries feed. Beside CBM replaces coal to be greatly reduces the production of acid rain and other forms of air pollution, the development of CBM has benefitial for coal miners. It can contribute to improved mining safety as well as it can help reduce construction costs.CBM is probably one of the promising alternative fuel energy resources in Indonesia that its presence is actual and comparable with the existing coal resources in any potential basin. Unlike some well in developed countries where commercialization of methane production from coal seam has been developed, coals direct mined in Indonesia seem to be more attractive and preferable technique to supply the consumer demand of energy. This is because coal mines serve direct products, less complicated technology, low exploration risks, easy recovery, relatively low cost but quick yields and already have wide market. Consequently, people have overlooked the existence of consisting huge potential methane gas in coals.However, petroleum exploration data throughout Indonesia suggest that increasing coal rank occurs rapidly with depth in many basins and that gas kicks are almost common associated with some coal seams below 200 m depth. In addition, world CBM exploration now has shifted towards lower rank settings (i.e, vitrinite reflectance between 0.3% and 0.6% Ro). In Indonesia, thick coals generally are found at greater depth, higher in rank and therefore are expected to be more productive (Saghafi and Hadiyanto, 2000).LEMIGAS is currently conducting a drilling program to study the feasibility of CBM production in South Sumatra. The domain of the work is in the Muaraenim Formation (Upper – Middle Palembang). The coal sequences were deposited during Late Miocene. We believe that a big effort is extremely essential to establish the reserve and economic potential of CBM in South Sumatra to later extent to Indonesia.
A LABORATORY STUDY TO IMPROVE ACID STIMULATION IN SANDSTONES Septi Anggraeni; Junita Trivianty; Bambang Widarsono
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas Vol 29 No 3 (2006)
Publisher : Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29017/SCOG.29.3.1029

Abstract

The main purpose of acidizing is to improve well productivity. Acids are useful for this reason because of their ability to dissolve undesired formation minerals and materials which may either be intrinsic in nature or be introduced into the formation during the processes of drilling, completion, and production. The effectiveness of acids in improving productivity in a particular well essentially depends on an accurate analysis of the problem and the selection of acid.Prudent judgment in acid to be used should be confirmed by laboratory tests. Apart from the analysis on the nature of the formation damage itself, acid selection should be based on study of reservoir rocks mineralogy and characteristics in general and accordingly the relevant material/minerals to be dissolved or removed. Improper diagnostics may result in inefficient, and even damaging, acidizing. Various studies have been conducted in this highlight (e.g. Crowe, 1984; Gidley, 1971; Crowe in Economides and Nolte, 1989; Daccord in Economides and Nolte, 1989; Ali, 1981; and Piot and Perthuis in Economides and Nolte, 1984).Those studies conducted in the past reveal that in comparison the success ratio of acidizing for limestone reservoir is almost 90%, whereas for sandstone reservoir the success ratio is only 30%. Undoubtedly, this disparity in success ratios is caused by the fact that appropriate acids dissolve limestones more properly due to limestones generally simpler mineral composition and by the fact that sandstones usually have more complex mineralogy hence providing less simple materials to dissolve. From this point Those studies conducted in the past reveal that in comparison the success ratio of acidizing for limestone reservoir is almost 90%, whereas for sandstone reservoir the success ratio is only 30%. Undoubtedly, this disparity in success ratios is caused by the fact that appropriate acids dissolve limestones more properly due to limestones generally simpler mineral composition and by the fact that sandstones usually have more complex mineralogy hence providing less simple materials to dissolve. From this point
SEISMIC-DERIVED ROCK TRUE RESISTIVITY (Rt ) REVISITED. PART II: REFORMULATION USING WYLLIE’S TIME-AVERAGE MODEL Bambang Widarsono; Merkurius. F. Mendrofa
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas Vol 29 No 3 (2006)
Publisher : Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29017/SCOG.29.3.1030

Abstract

This paper is the second of a three-part presentation. As highlighted in the previous paper (Part I, Widarsono & Mendrofa, 2006), the main objective of the study is to re-evaluate the potential of acoustic impedance as a source of resistivity data. This essentially came from the very idea of extracting information of resistivity (Rt ), data that plays a very important role in the determination of water saturation in reservoir, from seismic-derived acoustic impedance (AI).As observed in the past view years, there have been a lot of efforts devoted to the extraction of water saturation information from seismic. However, as Widarsono & Mendrofa (2006) put it, most of the efforts were mainly based on pattern recognition activities with little attention was given to the theoretical aspects of relationships between seismic signals and water saturation. The work reported in this threepart presentation is concentrated more as re-establishing (a reformulation of works reported in Widarsono & Saptono, 2003; 2004) the theoretical relationship between resistivity and acoustic impedance.In the Part I (Widarsono & Mendrofa, 2006), a reformulation between the classical Gassmann acoustic velocity model and shally sand models of Modified Simandoux and Hossin is presented. In the reformulation, a new resistivity function of acoustic impedance has been established. In principle, whenever acoustic impedance data from seismic has been made available resistivity data for the determination of fluid saturation can be estimated.Despite the theoretical correctness of the resistivity function presented in the Part I, practicallity is not the function’s best aspect. In other words, the resistivity function is not an easy one to be used practically. Various parameters (e.g. matrix moduli) have to be assumed, since the data cannot easily measured even in the laboratory. This is indeed the main reason why gassmann model, and others such as Biot, has not been used much in day-to-day practices such as log interpretation for porosity determination.Being aware of such difficulties, in 1954 M.R.J. Wyllie et al proposed their “time average” model (named after its proportional averaging of pore fluid, rock matrix, and shale transit time values to represent transit time of a fluid-filled porous medium) for any practical uses related to P-wave velocity in porous media. Due to its simplicity, the model, as well as its subsequent modifications, has been used extensively since then in some areas especially in log analysis for porosity determination. Considering this simplicity aspect, this three-part study also adopted Wyllie “time average” model into its reformulation works. This Part II paper presents the formulation using Wyllie and the two shally sand models following the same manner that was adopted and presented in the Part I paper.Summarily, the objectives of the works presented in this paper are:- To establish a model/method to obtain formation rock true resistivity (Rt ) from seismic-derived acoustic impedance (AI),- To provide correction/modification onto previous works reported in Widarsono & Saptono (2003, 2004), and- To provide a simpler alternative to the resistivity function yielded from the reformulation works presented in Part I paper (Widarsono & Mendrofa, 2006)
DRIVEABILITY INDEX OF COMMERCIAL GASOLINE IN ASEAN COUNTRIES A.S. Nasution; E. Jasjfi
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas Vol 29 No 3 (2006)
Publisher : Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29017/SCOG.29.3.1031

Abstract

Motor gasoline is essentialy a complex mixture of hydrocarbons distilling between about 40°C and 225°C and consisting of compounds generaly in the range C5 to C12. Small amounts of additives are also used to exchange various aspects of the performance of the fuel. Gasoline produced from different refin[1]eries can vary widely in compositions, even at the same octane level.The primary requirement of a gasoline is that should burn smoothly without exploding, under the conditions existing in the combustion chamber of the spark-ignition, so that themaximum amount of useful energy is liberated[1].The volatility of a gasoline has a vital influence on the both performance of a car emission. It affects the way car starts, the time it takes to warm up, the exten to which ice will form in the carburator, causing stalling and other problems; it influences vapour lock in the fuel system and indirectly it determines overall fuel economy. Volatility is a measure of the ability of a fuel to pass from the liquid to the vapour state under varying conditions.In cold weather, cars can take a very significant time to warm-up i.e., be capable of smooth, non-hesitating accelerations without the use of the choke. The fuel parameter that is found to have the grestest influence on warm-up is the mid-boiling range volatility as characterized by for example; the 50 per cent distillation temperature. Even after the car has warmed up, fuel volatility can still have an influence on acceleration time. Low volatility fuels obviously give leaner mixture and as mixtures leaner, acceleration performance can fall off quite rapidly.The fraction of the fuel that influences acceleration behaviour to the greatest extent is in the mid and to a lesser extent the higher boiling range. Thus, the 50% distillation temperature, sometimes together with the 90% distillation, must be controlled to ensure optimum acceleration behaviour. The factors which influence vapour lock is the volatility characteristics of the fuel. The degree to which a fuel is liable to give vapour lock depends mainly on its front end volatility. A number of different front-end volatility parameters have been used to define the vapour locking tendency of a fuel, such as RVP, percentage evaporated at 70°C, the 10 and 15% slope of the distillation curve, the vapour/liquid ratio at a given temperature and pressure. These distillation characteristics affect the following performance characteristics: starting, vapour lock and driveability.ASTM D4814-98a the standard specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel has included Driveability Index as an item of performance requirement of the fuel. The inclusion of the parameter is to provide control of distillation parameters that influence cold start and warm up driveabilities.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING EFFORTS (UKL-UPL) FOR OIL AND GAS SECTOR R. Desrina
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas Vol 28 No 1 (2005)
Publisher : Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29017/SCOG.28.1.1033

Abstract

Environmental monitoring is an integrated activity of the environmental management in general. Normally, any activity or industry has a written environmental management program called Environmental Management Plan or Rencana Pengelolaan Lingkungan (RKL). This document that has to be legalized or approved by the government describes an environmental management program that shall be implemented by the industry following the establishment of a project. Eventually, success of the RKL implementation can be monitored through environmental monitoring program that has been described in a document defined as Environmental Monitoring Plan or Rencana Pemantauan Lingkungan (RPL). Both RKL and RPL are the environmental management system planning documents that are established following the environmental impact assessment (EIA) AMDAL (Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan) study for a new project. Regulation regarding with the compulsory for conducting AMDAL is defined in the Government Regulation (Peraturan Pemerintah, PP) No. 29/1986, which is then revised by PP No. 51/1993, and finally by PP. No. 27/1999. Many questions are launched by the oil and gas industries in Indonesia, since these industries have been started their activity long before the AMDAL regulation being put into effect. Moreover, the recent ministerial decree" (Ministerial Decree of Environment No. 17/ 2001) describing the scale limit of the project that has to be preceded by AMDAL study has added confusion to the oil and gas industries. This is not surprising since many of the contracting parties for oil and gas industries in Indonesia have handed over their concession area of oil and gas fields to other parties. The new contracting parties have some difficulties in interpreting the regulations, especially when they intend to develop their contracting area. Shall they conduct EIA/AMDAL study or just Environmental Management and Monitoring Ef forts (Upaya Pengelolaan Lingkungan dan Upaya Pemantauan Lingkungan, UKL-UPL) before implementing the activities? In order to give information especially to the new contracting companies of oil and gas exploration and production those who have bought the concession from the previous companies, the author eager to write this paper describing environmental study that shall be conducted prior the implementation of a new project. Mechanism for requesting a government permit is also included in this paper focusing on upstream activity.
MEASUREMENT OF PHYSICAL ROCK PROPERTIES AND SELECTION OF IDENTIFIED CORE PLUGS FOR INJECTIVITY AND BLOCKING TESS Nuraini Nuraini
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas Vol 28 No 1 (2005)
Publisher : Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29017/SCOG.28.1.1034

Abstract

An oil field on the island of Sumatra in Indonesia has excess water production problem. Its watercuts are greater than 90 %. Excess water production is not only linked to poor sweep efficiency, but also causes many problems in oil industry, such as scaling, corrosion, cost of oil water treatment and cost of water disposal, and in effective hydrocarbon mobility. Optimizing oil production often requires considerable time, effort and challenge. Chemical injection (e.g. BW Polymer) is a method proposed to solve the current problem in the oil field. Hopefully, the excess water production will be blocked effectively by using chemical injection method in order to obtain maximum productivity and recovery. This paper is especially focused on measurement of physical rock properties, identification and selection of core plugs for injectivity and blocking test study
DETERMINATION OF OIL RECOVERY FACTOR BY USING WATER INJECTION-LABORATORY TEST METHOD Tjuwati Makmur
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas Vol 28 No 1 (2005)
Publisher : Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29017/SCOG.28.1.1035

Abstract

Oil production limit that is usually followed by decrease of oil productivity in old fields is a major problem and can't be avoided. This case happened when cumulative oil production has approached primary recovery method. Decrease of the action of native reservoir energy is followed by drastically increase of production of water (saturation almost 100 %). In relation to this, a method is needed to obtain the additional oil recovery. Water injection method is one of the solutions to solve oil production problem that happened in old fields. It is expected that by using water injection method, productivity and oil recovery in old fields can be improved. Water that is used as the fluid injected into reservoir to improve oil recovery is sea water. How far oil recovery can be improved by using water injection method, is determined by a laboratory research. Before carrying out water injection laboratory test; one has to know what the main points that play important role in determining the optimal oil recovery by water injection method. These are: firstly, reservoir data, secondly, formation water and sea water analysis, thirdly, determination of physical fluid and rock properties, next, the displacement of water injection process to obtain the additional oil recovery and standard operational procedure. The main focus of this paper is "Determination of Oil Recovery Factor By Using Water Injection-Laboratory Test Method ". Hopefully, the contents of this paper give extremely valuable and useful information not only for LEMIGAS as Research and Development Centre for Oil and Gas Technology, but also for the oil industry or the Department of Petroleum Engineering of the universities in Indonesia.
THE USE OF BIO-MOLECULAR SUBSTANCE OF MARINE BIOTA AS AN ALTERNATIVE EARLY INDICATOR OF OIL POLLUTED ENVIRONMENT: A NEW APPROACH FOR MONITORING CONSIDERATION M.S. Wibisono
Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas Vol 28 No 1 (2005)
Publisher : Testing Center for Oil and Gas LEMIGAS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29017/SCOG.28.1.1036

Abstract

Oil enters the marine environment from various sources, for example from the accidental and intentional release of petroleum wastes during the production, transportation, refining and the use of this fossil fuel, domestic/industrial oily waste discharge and others. Oil from tanker spills, which is considered to occur rarely, usually only affects the coastal environment if prevailing winds and currents are directed onshore. The presence of stranded tar-balls on beaches has been reported in some areas due to the tanker routes nearby. A report of Lemigas and CNEXO (1984) showed that several sandy beaches on islands in the vicinity of Malacca Strait (Riau Islands), Makassar Strait (Langa beach) and in Kepulauan Seribu (Pulau Pari and Pulau Tikus) were polluted by stranded tarballs by as much as 7.8-67 g/ m (net weight) from 1982 survey and between 4.8- 494 g/m from the 1984 survey. This report indicated that the heavy range of oil pollution increased from 1982 to 1984. Results of laboratory analysis on tar samples using gas chromatography indicated that four different types of oil were present viz.: crude oil residue, tanker sludge residue, fuel oil residue and weathered crude oil residue. Unfortunately, no similar data are available after the 1984 survey even the current oil pollution has occurred in the vicinity of Pulau Pabelokan and Pulau Pramuka in 2004. Although oil pollution from refinery run-off has been estimated to be smaller compared to accidental tanker spills, such run-off will directly affect the coastal environment if the effluent is not managed properly. These industrial and refinery effluents, which usually flow into the coastal zone, result in relatively low levels of pollution for a long period of time. As a consequence the delayed effects of such pollution will occur. In this case marine organisms might be affected or stressed physiologically rather than killed under such a regime. Furthermore, increasing activities of processing units of a refinery from Atmospheric Residue Hydro Demetalisation (ARHDM) and from Residue Fluid Catalytic Cracking (RFCC) may result the increasing discharge in a significant number of volume. The discharge volume of liquid wastes and its quality depend on the quantity and type of crude as a feed stock. If the feed stock derived from naphtenic oils or heavy oils or high sulphur oils, care should be taken to the water disposal for the sake of environmental protection. In monitoring activities for the refinery effluent, the standard has been renewed since 1996 by the Ministerial Decree of the Minister of Environment No. 42/MENLH/10/1996 in the Appendix IV and Appendix V. Although the available treatment plant system is being used satisfactorily, but in some cases, several parameters including hydrocarbon contents still exceed the standard quality of the above Ministerial Decree. On the other hand, oil and grease contents as one of the parameters from the receiving bodies that should be analyzed have been designated, as stated in the Government Regulation No. 82/2001 and in the Ministerial Decree of Minister Environment No. 51/ 2004 , instead of petroleum hydrocarbons. But from the basic scientific point of view, the oil and grease contents have the different meaning from the petroleum hydrocarbon contents in terms of chemical formula and its impacts on the aquatic biota. Oil and grease contents include the expression of the oils derived from biological products such as the fatty acids from aquatic organisms, palm oils and others. Unlike in the petroleum hydrocarbons, in plant oils/oil and grease no toxic compounds are found in its HC chains viz.: vanadium, nickel, phenols, sulphide, aromatics, mercaptans, etc. Since the impacts of petroleum hydrocarbons to the aquatic animals are not able to compare to those impacts of plant oils/oil and grease even at the same concentration, so that the oil and grease content seem to be in-significant and irrelevant to the petroleum activities. Total petroleum hydrocarbon contents in water and poly aromatic contents (= naphthalene, phenanthrene, dibenzthiophene and its alkylated homologues) are more significant than oil and grease. The aquatic (marine) biota such as bivalves can take up oil into their tissues, which is at low concentration in the water (Blumer et al., 1970) by ingestion. Ingestion of hydrocarbons causes cell tissues to become stressed and undergo a series of often ir-reversible biochemical and cellular changes. The changes manifest themselves as alterations in the animal physiology and therefore rep- resent good indicator of xenobiotic bio-accumulation (Moore and Lowe, 1985). The characteristic cellular defence mechanisms in all organisms studied to date under environmental stress involves the induction of certain biomolecular substance which constitutes protein compounds which Atkinson and Walden (1985) called as heat shock proteins (hsp) or stress proteins (sp) . It is evident that synthesis of families of proteins of 60 kDa (kilo Dalton) and 70 kDa molecular weight (hsp 60 and hsp 70) and other stress proteins by cells of all organisms occurs in response to a wide variety of envi- ronmental stressors e.g. elevated temperatures, heavy metals, thiol reactive agents and amino acid analogues (Lindquist, 1986; Mizzen et al; 1989; Sanders, 1990). At least 30 stress proteins have been identified by gel electrophoresis (Anderson, 1989), and mainly they have molecular weights between 22 to I110 kDa (Schlesinger et al., 1982). Hsp 90, hsp 70 and hsp 60 are predominant in all prokaryotes and eukaryotes. A group of low mo- lecular weight proteins (hsp 20 - 30) is also commonly found as shown by Burdon (1987). Since bivalve mollusks are sessile, plentiful, inexpensive and relatively easy to maintain in the laboratory, their use is becoming important in monitoring programs and toxicological studies. Compared to mollusks, fish are expensive and prone to secondary stresses (such as handling and infection by fungi and bacteria) and they can avoid the polluted area. Many coastal areas in Indonesia produce several kinds of commercially valuable shellfish such as cupped oysters (Crassostrea sp.), scallops (Pecten spp), blood cockles (Anadara granosa, L), clam (Tridacna spp.) and green mussels (Mytillus viridis, L). Unfortunately there is little information on the use of these species as bio-indicators of oil pollution, particularly with respect to bio-molecular substance examination as a tool for monitoring activities. Electrophoresis is usually implemented for the examination of glycoproteins, phosphoproteins, enzymes, etc. It sems that the use of biological substance through electrophoresis method in oil pollution monitoring is a "new" break-through that needs to be considered. The aim of the study was to propose an alternative method in environmental monitoring particularly at sub lethal effects through the use of bio-molecular of suitable shellfish in Indonesia as bio-indicator of oil pollution. The examination of the substance can be carried out by Onedimensional SDS - PAGE (Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate – Poly acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis) method

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