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Nucleus Journal
Published by Universitas Darul Ulum
ISSN : 29644097     EISSN : 29644100     DOI : 10.32492/nucleus
Core Subject :
Nucleus Journal: Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi is a peer-reviewed journal published by Universitas Darul Ulum. Nucleus Journal is a publication of research results of Students, Lecturers and Practitioners in the field of Science and Technology. Fields of study include; Electrical Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Informatics Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Agricultural Sciences, Architecture, Engineering Education, And Other Engineering Fields.
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Articles 82 Documents
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Multi-Generation YOLOv5–YOLO26 for Indonesian Banknote Detection under Brightness Variation, Background Clutter, and Occlusion Rafli Firdaus Guzuntoro; Lilik Anifah
Nucleus Journal Vol. 5 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Darul Ulum

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32492/nucleus.v5i2.5220

Abstract

This study presents a comparative analysis of multiple YOLO generations, namely YOLOv5, YOLOv8, YOLOv11, and YOLO26, for Indonesian banknote detection under brightness variation, background clutter, and occlusion. Previous studies have mainly evaluated one or two YOLO versions under controlled conditions, while comprehensive comparisons involving newer generations such as YOLOv11 and YOLO26 for Indonesian banknote detection under real-world conditions remain limited. A dataset comprising 1,400 images of seven Indonesian banknote denominations was used for training, while 200 separately collected and manually annotated real-world images were used for evaluation. All models were trained using identical configurations with their respective pretrained weights, including 150 epochs, 640 × 640 image size, and batch size 16. Performance was evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, mAP@0.5, inference time, and frames per second (FPS). The results show that YOLOv11 achieves the most balanced performance, with the highest accuracy (0.950), recall (0.700), and F1-score (0.775). The mAP@0.5 values were 0.995 for YOLOv5 and 0.995 for YOLOv8, YOLOv11, and YOLO26, while the mAP@0.5:0.95 values were 0.954, 0.985, 0.987, and 0.987 for YOLOv5, YOLOv8, YOLOv11, and YOLO26, respectively. YOLO26 achieves the highest precision (0.893), while YOLOv5 provides the fastest inference time (92.463 ms) and highest FPS (10.815). Overall, YOLOv11 provides the most balanced detection performance for real-world conditions, while the results demonstrate a trade-off between detection performance and computational efficiency across YOLO generations.
PLC-Based Electronic Load Controller Using Binary Combination Switch for PLTMH Frequency Control Widodo Pudji Muljanto; Fajar Anjar Ningrum; Irrine Budi Sulistiawati
Nucleus Journal Vol. 5 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Darul Ulum

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32492/nucleus.v5i2.5212

Abstract

Micro-hydro power plants (PLTMH) need effective frequency regulation to maintain operational stability during electrical load changing. This research presents the design and experimental evaluation of a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)-based Electronic Load Controller (ELC) using an 8-bit Binary Combination Switch (BCS) and Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control for generator frequency regulation. The system utilizes a Zelio Smart Relay PLC to process generator frequency errors and control binary-weighted resistive dummy loads via relay combinations. Experimental testing was conducted on a 1.1 kVA three-phase synchronous generator under load increments of 100 W, 200 W, and 300 W Test results indicate minimum frequency values of 49.8 Hz, 49.5 Hz, and 49.1 Hz, while maximum transient frequencies reached 50.5 Hz, 50.4 Hz, and 50.4 Hz. Maximum overshoot values were recorded at 1.0%, 0.8%, and 0.8%, with steady-state errors of 0.2%, 0.2%, and 0.4%, respectively. The frequency operating range of 49–51 Hz centered around the 50 Hz reference value; results show the system achieved stable operation approximately 30 seconds after the final load disturbance. The study demonstrates that the proposed PLC-based ELC is capable of regulating dummy load power through discrete binary relay combinations and maintaining the generator frequency close to the reference value under the tested load conditions

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