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Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 1412033X     EISSN : 20854722     DOI : https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230231
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology
The Biodiversitas Journal was first published in 2000 by the Department of Biology, FMNS, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia, then in 2006 it was co-published by the Society for Indonesian Biodiversity and that department; since 2017 it was also hosted by Smujo. From 2003-2012 it was accredited by DGHE, Ministry of Education, R.I., since 2014 was indexed by Scopus, where DOAJ and Google Scholar was indexed first.
Arjuna Subject : Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler - Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler (Lain-Lain)
Articles 50 Documents
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Search results for , issue "vol. 26 no. 9 (2025)" : 50 Documents clear
Land cover change and ethnoecological practices in Forest Management Unit XXV, North Sumatra, Indonesia SAMSURI SAMSURI; ANITA ZAITUNAH; ARY SAMSURA; HOREB Y. MARBUN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 9 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260926

Abstract

Abstract. Samsuri, Zaitunah A, Samsura A, Marbun HY. 2025. Land cover change and ethnoecological practices in Forest Management Unit XXV, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 4545-4556. Forest management unit (FMU) is important site-level managers included in the sustainability of productivity. This concept is closely related to land tenure conflicts, which are influenced by community livelihood, local knowledge, traditional customs, environmental capacity, and local institutions. The dynamics of change in local knowledge, traditional customs, and population growth can increase the need for land and negatively impact biodiversity. Therefore, this research aims to (i) analyze land cover change and indigenous local knowledge, and (ii) examine the correlation between land cover change with community ethnoecological practices in FMU, North Sumatra. Landsat 5 and 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) images were used to identify land cover change. Furthermore, the contingency coefficient correlation method was used to examine the relationship between land cover change and ethnoecology. The results showed that 10 land cover categories were identified, including water bodies, forest, paddy field, rubber estate, shrubs, bare land, mangroves, rubber, oil palms, and mixed garden. Rubber plantations experienced the most significant land area loss between 2001 and 2020, decreasing by 1,918.8 hectares. Meanwhile, mixed gardens reported a substantial gain of 6,171.8 hectares. The interviews identified 6 ethnoecological elements of the community, namely indigenous knowledge, medicinal plants, wood use, wild animal hunting, non-timber forest products, and traditional events. There was no significant correlation between land cover and community ethnoecological change. Despite the absence of a direct statistical relationship, these persistent practices provide crucial indirect support for in-situ biodiversity conservation within the managed forest landscape. In this context, the conversion of agricultural land and the destruction of forest in FMU areas must be addressed. The community indirectly supports the concept through planting and maintaining local species in mixed gardens. The continued cultivation of native species in community-managed gardens contributes indirectly to biodiversity conservation in FMU area despite the lack of significant correlation.
Morphology and molecular identification of the trematode Echinostoma revolutum metacercariae, as a new parasite of amphibians in Uzbekistan ELMUROD E. IKROMOV; ERKIN F. IKROMOV; HIKMET SAMI YILDIRIMHAN; NURHAN SÜMER; LAYLO AKMURADOVA; ABDURAHMON YUSUPOV; OYBEK O. AMIROV; ILHOMJON RUSTAMOV; BEKZOD USMONOV
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 9 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260914

Abstract

Abstract. Ikromov EE, Ikromov EF, Yildirimhan HS, Sümer N, Akmuradova L, Yusupov A, Amirov OO, Rustamov I, Usmonov B. 2025. Morphology and molecular identification of the trematode Echinostoma revolutum metacercariae, as a new parasite of amphibians in Uzbekistan. Biodiversitas 26: 4412-4423. This study examined the helminth fauna of two frog species, Pelophylax terentievi, Pelophylax sp., in eastern (Ferghana Valley: Andijan, Namangan and Ferghana) and central Uzbekistan (Bukhara, Navoi and Samarkand regions). We identified the metacercarium trematode Echinostoma revolutum, for the first time in this context, which is an intestinal parasite commonly found in various waterfowl. At the same time, we studied amphibians for the first time as new intermediate hosts of the parasite. This article discusses the morphology and molecular characteristics of E. revolutum found in the eye cavities, kidneys and body cavities of P. terentievi and Pelophylax sp. in the central and eastern geographical regions of Uzbekistan. Our analyses showed that the trematode, E. revolutum, differs morphologically from other ecomorphs in terms of body size, cyst diameter and localization. This study also provided molecular data for the genus Echinostoma in the ITS1+5.8S+ITS2 regions of ribosomal DNA, forming a well-supported clade in the phylogenetic tree. The sample we examined, E. revolutum (UZ), was in the monophyletic group together with a sample extracted from the NCBI database (E. revolutum MZ409811) and had a common ancestor. These results provide molecular evidence to support the identification of E. revolutum species in our study. In addition, our analysis showed that Echinostoma sp. MZ409812 is a sister group to E. revolutum (clade J). E. miyagavai (clade I), E. nasincovae (clade L), E. paraensei and E. maldonadoi (clade M) are the closest groups to E. revolutum. Our results contribute to the understanding of the species and genetic diversity of the genus Echinostoma and the species E. revolutum. The high infection rate (up to 14%) of the amphibians P. terentievi and Pelophylax sp. with these parasites indicates a significant biological threat, which requires enhanced monitoring and development of measures to protect waterfowl in the region, underscoring the importance of this study in preserving the ecological balance.
Vegetation diversity in the Geumpang Protected Forest Area, Pidie District, Aceh, Indonesia ASHABUL ANHAR; GINA ERIDA; ASTRI WINDA SIREGAR; HANIFA RAHMAH; ALI M. MUSLIH; ILHAM HANAFI; DURRAH HAYATI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 9 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260921

Abstract

Abstract. Anhar A, Erida G, Siregar AW, Rahmah H, Muslih AM, Hanafi I, Hayati D. 2025. Vegetation diversity in the Geumpang Protected Forest Area, Pidie District, Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 4490-4499. Forests, as complex ecosystems, play a vital role in maintaining global environmental balance by providing critical ecosystem services such as biodiversity conservation, climate regulation, and water management. The Geumpang Protected Forest Area (PFA) in Pidie District, Aceh, Indonesia, is a key area for ecological stability and community benefits, making biodiversity research essential to inform conservation efforts and sustainable forest management policies. The research was conducted in the Geumpang PFA. This study employed vegetation analysis techniques with 63 plots of varying sizes established to collect data on species, individual counts, stem diameters, and tree heights. Data analysis included indices for diameter distribution, Importance Value Index (IVI), species dominance (C), species diversity (H'), evenness (E), and richness (R) to assess forest composition and structure. The results highlighted species composition across growth stages, with indices providing insights into dominance, diversity, and distribution patterns within the forest ecosystem. The Geumpang PFA contains a wide variety of vegetation diversity, comprising 14 species at the seedling stage, 30 species at the sapling stage, 32 species at the pole stage, and 39 species at the tree stage, with a total of 46 vegetation species across all growth stages. The tree diameter distribution in the Geumpang PFA forms an inverted J-shaped curve. The highest IVI is recorded for Lithocarpus sp. in tree (77.18%) and pole (32.92%) stages, Ficus hispida in sapling stage (24.83%), and Coffea canephora in seedling stage (65.43%). In general, the C in Geumpang PFA is low across all growth stages, with values approaching 0. The H’ ranges from medium to high, with a high value in the pole stage (3.12) and medium values in the tree, sapling, and seedling stages (2.94, 2.89, and 2.10, respectively). The E shows the pole stage with the highest value (0.90) and the seedling stage with the lowest (0.79). The R shows high species richness at the tree (R: 6.31), pole (R: 5.77), and sapling stages (R: 5.28), while the seedling stage has low richness (R: 2.86). The high vegetation diversity and early-stage regeneration challenges in the Geumpang PFA underscore the urgent need for conservation succession, ecosystem resilience, and local community benefits.
Structure and composition of understory vegetation in urban forest of Pekanbaru, Riau Province, Indonesia DARMAWATI DARMAWATI; LIDIA BELINDA SILITONGA; NURSAL NURSAL; IRDA SAYUTI; IMAM MAHADI; FESKAHARNY ALAMSJAH
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 9 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260933

Abstract

Abstract. Darmawati, Silitonga LB, Nursal, Sayuti I, Mahadi I, Alamsjah F. 2025. Structure and composition of understory vegetation in urban forest of Pekanbaru, Riau Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 4628-4639. Urban forests play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity; however, human disturbances and the spread of invasive species pose significant challenges to the resilience of understory vegetation. This study examined the structure and composition of understory vegetation in the Pekanbaru Urban Forest in Riau Province, Indonesia and formulated strategies for sustainable management. Research was carried out from June to December 2024 across two canopy conditions Closed Canopy Forest (CCF) and Partial Canopy Forest (PCF) using ten 2×2 m plots in each site (80 m² total). The analyses encompassed species composition, Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H?), Evenness Index (E), Dominance Index (D), invasive species proportion, correlation between H? and light intensity, as well as a T-test to compare H? between canopy types. Results revealed that the Poaceae family was the most dominant, with Brachiaria decumbens as the representative species. The T-test showed no significant difference in H? between CCF (2.67) and PCF (2.98), both classified as moderate. Evenness Index values were high (0.89 and 0.87), while dominance values were very low (0.08 and 0.07), indicating a relatively even distribution of species. In total, 38 species were identified, half of which (19 species) were invasive, with a higher abundance recorded in PCF. These findings suggest that canopy mosaics comprising both closed and partially open areas are essential for maintaining understory vegetation in urban forests, as they help support species diversity while limiting invasive dominance. Recommended management strategies include preserving canopy mosaics, controlling invasive species, promoting native species planting, and strengthening conservation policies through active community participation.
Estimation of vegetation cover percentage using visual on-screen classification in the Krueng Lagsa Watershed, Aceh Province, Indonesia ISWAHYUDI ISWAHYUDI; RENI YUSNIAR; BOY RIZA JUANDA; MUHAMMAD RUSDI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 9 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260905

Abstract

Abstract. Iswahyudi, Yusniar R, Juanda BR, Rusdi M. 2025. Estimation of vegetation cover percentage using visual on-screen classification in the Krueng Lagsa Watershed, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 4297-4308. The research aims to identify land cover types contributing to the degradation of the Krueng Langsa Watershed in Aceh Province, Indonesia and analyze the Vegetation Cover Percentage (VCP). The analysis used Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques, including visual on-screen digitization of land cover classes based on RapidEye satellite imagery. The RapidEye imagery has a 5 m spatial resolution, allowing detailed classification of land cover types and accurate estimation of Vegetation Cover Percentage (VCP). The Indonesian Ministry of Forestry Regulation guided the study No. P.61/Menhut-II/2014, focusing on monitoring and evaluating watershed management. Based on image interpretation, 12 land cover classes were identified: primary dryland forest, secondary dryland forest, primary mangrove forest, secondary mangrove forest, open land, plantations, settlements, mixed dryland agriculture, rice fields, shrubs, fishponds, and water bodies. This classification highlights the dominance of vegetated land, which plays an important role in supporting biodiversity and ecosystem services in river basins. Conversely, 35.41% of the Krueng Langsa Watershed comprises non-vegetated land such as open land, settlements, fishponds, and water bodies. The fishpond land cover class occupies 14.00% of the total watershed area, potentially exerting additional environmental pressure if not managed sustainably. This information is essential for guiding watershed management strategies and biodiversity conservation planning. The VCP value of 64.59% suggests that permanent vegetation in the Krueng Langsa Watershed remains in good condition.
Fungal diversity associated with anthracnose in chili peppers of West Sumatra, Indonesia, using conventional and NGS approaches RIKI WARMAN; HALIATUR RAHMA; DARNETTY DARNETTY; RITA NOVERIZA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 9 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260901

Abstract

Abstract. Warman R, Rahma H, Darnetty, Noveriza R. 2025. Fungal diversity associated with anthracnose in chili peppers of West Sumatra, Indonesia, using conventional and NGS approaches. Biodiversitas 26: 4257-4266. Curly red chili plants are one of the leading horticultural commodities in West Sumatra, Indonesia. However, there has been a 90% decline in yield due to anthracnose disease. Anthracnose is caused by various fungi from the Colletotrichum genus and other fungi that interact within it. The objective of this study is to compare the diversity of fungi associated with anthracnose disease symptoms in West Sumatra using NGS (Next-Generation Sequencing) and conventional identification techniques. This study used a field survey method involving the collection of chili fruit samples with anthracnose symptoms and the isolation of associated fungi. The survey was conducted at various chili farming locations in South Pesisir District, West Sumatra, Indonesia, to obtain representative samples. Fungal identification was performed using conventional NGS methods. The results of identification using conventional techniques yielded 298 fungal isolates, which were divided into 8 groups based on macroscopic characteristics and 3 genera based on microscopic characteristics, namely Colletotrichum 78.18%, Fusarium 16.11%, and Curvularia 5.7% Meanwhile, the fungi obtained using NGS techniques comprised 10 genera: Colletotrichum 26.36%, Peltula 22.34%, Moniliella 18.73%, Russula 15.2%, Linderina 12.13%, Fusarium 1.13%, Hydnum 0.98%, Rhexocercosporidium 0.44%, Crocinoboletus 0.33%, and Gymnopilus 0.36%, with 198 species. The results of this study indicate that fungal diversity associated with anthracnose symptoms using NGS technology is higher than that identified using conventional methods. These findings regarding dominant pathogenic fungi and their high variability provide important guidance for designing appropriate control measures and optimizing fungicide application.
Diversity and composition of invasive understory plants in Kapalo Banda Taram Ecotourism Area, West Sumatra, Indonesia DEWI NURHASANAH; SOLFIYENI SOLFIYENI; HAFIZUL MAULANA MUFTI; TESRI MAIDELIZA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 9 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260922

Abstract

Abstract. Nurhasanah D, Solfiyeni, Mufti HM, Maideliza T. 2025. Diversity and composition of invasive understory plants in Kapalo Banda Taram Ecotourism Area, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 4500-4510. Invasive plants are species that establish and spread rapidly outside their natural habitats, often dominating new environments. This study aims to analyze the composition, structure, and diversity of invasive understory plants (seedlings and ground vegetation) in the Kapalo Banda Taram Ecotourism Area, Lima Puluh Kota District, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia. This study used a survey method using two transects with purposive sampling. Location 1 (transect 1) in the eastern part and Location 2 (transect 2) in the southern part of the area. The length of each transect was 50 meters, and along the transect, 25 plots measuring 2×2 meters were systematically placed on each transect. In each plot, observations were made regarding the presence of species, the number of individuals, and environmental factors. Results showed that in Location 1, there were 18 families, 26 genera, 26 species, and 1,213 individuals of understory plants, including 9 invasive families, 14 genera, 14 species, and 1,168 individuals. In Location 2, there were 9 families, 16 genera, 17 species, and 734 individuals, with 5 invasive families, 10 genera, 10 species, and 614 individuals. The dominant families in Location 1 were Melastomataceae (31.16%), Cyperaceae (28.85%), and Poaceae (28.28%), with Cyperus rotundus as the most dominant species (IVI: 43.92%). In Location 2, Asteraceae dominated (50.14%), with Chromolaena odorata as the most dominant species (IVI: 57.52%). The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') indicated moderate diversity, with values of 2.34 and 2.26. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) revealed that environmental factors such as light intensity, humidity, temperature, and soil pH significantly influence the distribution and dominance of invasive understory species. This study provides valuable insights into the management of invasive plants in the Kapalo Banda Taram Ecotourism Area, aiding conservation and sustainable tourism efforts.
Implications of biodiesel production for enhancing thermostable T1.2RQ lipase secretion in Pichia pastoris via chaperone co-expression ESTI PUSPITASARI; YEPY HARDI RUSTAM; ANDREAS ADHI SATYA; ANTONIUS SUWANTO; ARIS TRI WAHYUDI; RIKA INDRI ASTUTI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 9 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260927

Abstract

Abstract. Puspitasari E, Rustam YH, Satya AA, Suwanto A, Wahyudi AT, Astuti RI. 2025. Implications of biodiesel production for enhancing thermostable T1.2RQ lipase secretion in Pichia pastoris via chaperone co-expression. Biodiversitas 26: 4557-4566. The thermostable T1.2RQ lipase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus (isolated from Indonesian hot springs) was expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115 via multicopy integration (6X). Co-expression of chaperones bmh2 (797 bp) and sso2 (875 bp) was achieved using Gibson Assembly and pPICZAwbe. Transformants GS115/T1.2RQ(6X)_bmh2#3 showed 71% higher activity (p = 0.017) versus controls, while sso2 reduced activity by 23% (p = 0.028). SDS-PAGE confirmed a 43 kDa band, and tributyrin assays verified extracellular secretion. In biodiesel trials, the lipase reduced Palm Fatty Acid Distillated Free Fatty Acid (PFAD FFA) to 4.9%, meeting SNI 7182:2015 standards. This study demonstrates bmh2’s role in alleviating Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress and advancing bacterial lipase production in yeast, with applications in sustainable biodiesel.C) analysis showed methyl palmitate (C16:0) and methyl stearate (C18:0) as the dominant Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) species. This research demonstrates that bmh2 is the most effective chaperone for co-expression with a six-copy lipase, increasing extracellular activity. The enzyme produced by heterologous expression in Pichia can be used for lab-scale biodiesel production, comparable to that expressed in Escherichia coli. This is the first report of G. stearothermophilus T1.2RQ lipase, and these findings advance bacterial lipase gene expression research in the P. pastoris expression system. Future work should optimize tandem chaperone systems (bmh2 + PDI) and pilot-scale fermentation. This study underscores Indonesia’s microbial biodiversity as a resource for novel biocatalysts, aligning with Biodiversitas’s mission to bridge ecology and biotechnology.
Phage diversity from shrimp ponds underpinning multi-host lytic activity in Vibrio pathogens ANANDA SEKAR KINANTI; ASEP AWALUDIN PRIHANTO; YOGA DWI JATMIKO; FARHID HEMMATZADEH; RAHMI NURDIANI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 9 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260918

Abstract

Abstract. Kinanthi AS, Prihanto AA, Jatmiko YD, Hemmatzadeh F, Nurdiani R. 2025. Phage diversity from shrimp ponds underpinning multi-host lytic activity in Vibrio pathogens. Biodiversitas 26: 4457-4464. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major cause of seafood-related foodborne illness that has developed significant antibiotic resistance, creating an urgent need for effective and safer control management.  This study aims to isolate and characterize lytic bacteriophages capable of inhibiting a broad spectrum of foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Bacteriophages were isolated from shrimp shell and pond wastewater samples, following a methodical approach that included bacteriophage isolation, density testing, confirmation, and host range testing. The results indicate that V. parahaemolyticus was successfully isolated from dead shrimp. The lytic bacteriophages, designated ?ALT (from pond wastewater) and ?KU (from shrimp shells), were lysed their bacterial hosts, with activity detectable up to a dilution of 10??. This suggests that even at low concentrations, the phages could effectively lyse their bacterial targets. Both bacteriophages were found to exhibit a multi-host range, effectively lysing several pathogenic species such as Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio harveyi, and Aeromonas hydrophila, while not affecting Salmonella Typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Acinetobacter baumannii. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) revealed that ?ALT has a hexagonal shape, while ?KU has an icosahedral shape. These findings highlight the potential of these bacteriophages as effective biocontrol agents in managing foodborne pathogens, offering a safer and more targeted alternative to antibiotics. Future molecular characterization is required to further understand these bacteriophages mechanism of action and improve their application in food safety.
Fermentation of duck bone meal using Bacillus sp., Saccharomyces sp., and Rhizopus sp. for sustainable shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) feed SURIANTI SURIANTI; ZAINUDDIN ZAINUDDIN; SITI ASLAMYAH; HASNI YULIANTI AZIS
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 9 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260908

Abstract

Abstract. Surianti, Zainuddin, Aslamyah S, Azis HY. 2025. Fermentation of duck bone meal using Bacillus sp., Saccharomyces sp., and Rhizopus sp. for sustainable shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) feed. Biodiversitas 26: 4333-4345. Sustainable aquaculture necessitates alternatives to fishmeal because of its elevated cost and environmental impact. Duck bone waste, an underutilized by-product of poultry processing, can be valorized into feed ingredients, reducing organic waste and supporting a circular bioeconomy. This is the first study to assess Fermented Duck Bone Meal (FDBM) using mixed microbes (Bacillus sp., Saccharomyces sp., and Rhizopus sp.) as a fishmeal substitute in vannamei shrimp diets. Duck bone meal was fermented at inoculum doses of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mL/100 g and fermentation durations of 12, 24, and 36 h. A control diet contained 100% fishmeal, while four experimental diets substituted fishmeal with optimally fermented duck bone meal (1.5 mL inoculum, 36 hours) at inclusion rates of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, were fed to juvenile shrimp (0.19±0.01 g) for 60 days. Growth, survival, proximate composition, and amino acid profiles were analyzed. Proximate analysis of optimally fermented FDBM (1.5 mL, 36 h) revealed increased crude protein (42.72%), reduced crude fiber (1.49%), and elevated crude lipid (23.46%). Essential amino acids, such as lysine (2.77%) and glutamate (3.54%), were enhanced in the feed, aligning with higher amino acid retention in shrimp muscle (lysine: 4.85%, leucine: 4.57%). Shrimp fed the 75% FDBM diet (Feed D) had the highest final weight (23.04±0.09 g) and biomass weight gain (20.63±0.47 g), compared to the control diet (19.74±1.03 g) and the 25% FDBM diet (19.61±0.53 g), which exhibited the lowest values. Survival rates showed no significant differences among treatments (p>0.05). The 75% substitution of fishmeal with fermented duck bone meal improves prawn growth and feed quality, while reducing reliance on fishmeal, offering a cost-effective and environmentally responsible strategy for sustainable shrimp aquaculture.

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