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MITIGASI SIAGA BENCANA GERAKANTANAH DENGAN PERANGKAT EARLY WARNING SYSTEM (EWS) DAERAH BUKIT MANYARAN PERMAI KECAMATAN GUNUNG PATI SEMARANG JAWA TENGAH Fitri Purwanti
Geological Engineering E-Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2013): Volume 5, Nomor 2, Tahun 2013
Publisher : Program Studi Teknik Geologi, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro

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Mass movement cause catastrophic losses are not small, in addition to loss of property is sometimes also cause human fatalities. Mass movement incident requires ongoing disaster relief efforts ( disaster management), includes a planned and organized effort embodied in a series of activities undertaken to eliminate ( minimize ) some or all of the harm or loss caused by the disaster, as well as avoiding the risk of disasters that might occur, so that the impact can be reduced, or minimized, even if it may be omitted ( Sutikno, 2001). One way is by providing early warning for areas prone to mass movement. Installation of monitoring early detection mass movement intended as a means of mitigation efforts in providing an early warning signal / beginning of the communities living around the disaster -prone areas in order to be able to evacuate mass movement early so as to minimize casualties in the event of disaster mass movement / landslides. Early warning tool is set on a sliding distance tolerance of 3 ( three ) mm, 6 ( six ) mm then 9 ( nine ) mm. The spacing can be changed according to the characteristics of each region .Observations were made by means of geological mapping which aims to determine the location of the geological conditions in the area of Perumahan Manyaran Bukit Permai, Gunungpati, Semarang and instalation tools of early warning system, by means of a sensor exstensiometer and rainfall. Mass movement type contained in the study area in the form creeping and views of fields including the landslides rotation (rotational slides) and by including the slow-motion speed (very slow). It is influenced by several factors such as claystone lithology of conditions including in the formation of the hoist. Mudstone properties are easy to inflate (expansive clay) caused the landslide .Early Warning System ( EWS ) is a device that consists of several components, such as modems, local monitoring engine, digital landslide meter, battery, solar panel, regulator, rain gauge, and ancillary equipment. Landslide EWS is a monitoring system that is specifically designed to detect events that preceded the landslide in time to issue a warning immediately and initiate mitigation measures .At research area is an area of vulnerability mass movement intermediate level, mitigation in accordance with the recommendation that the condition Perumahan Manyaran Bukit Permai. Mass movement can tackle disaster in the following manner: 1. Manufacture of gabions in the northern part of the study area, intended as a buffer on the slopes, except that its happening mengihindari erosion on the creek bank. 2. Control of water channel function to minimize the water that goes into the surface. 3. Grouting with the aim of closing the open discontrution, cavities and holes in the layer intended to improve soil strength .

ANALISIS LITOLOGI DAN STRUKTUR GEOLOGI BERDASARKAN CITRA LANDSAT PADA AREA PROSPEK PANASBUMI GUNUNG TELOMOYO DAN SEKITARNYA, KABUPATEN MAGELANG, PROVINSI JAWA TENGAH Zendi Agista; Prakosa Rachwibowo; Yoga Aribowo
Geological Engineering E-Journal Vol 6, No 1 (2014): Volume 6, Nomor 1, Tahun 2014
Publisher : Program Studi Teknik Geologi, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro

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Komplek Gunung Telomoyo merupakan salah satu daerah prospek panasbumi di Indonesia ditandai dengan munculnya manifestasi panasbumi di sekitarnya. Komplek Gunung Telomoyo terletak di Kabupaten Semarang dan Kabupaten Magelang. Secara fisiografis terletak pada Zona Solo. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran tentang model sistem panasbumi komplek Gunung Telomoyo berdasarkan data litologi, struktur geologi dari kenampakan citra satelite. Metode penelitian meliputi interpretasi citra, pengamatan lapangan yang dilanjutkan dengan metode analisis.Dari hasil interpretasi citra satelite, didapatkan interpretasi litologi, geomorfologi dan pola kelurusan (lineament). Citra landsat yang digunakan yaitu citra komposit saluran 4R, 5G, 7B. Proses interpretasi citra ini menggunakan unsur – unsur dasar interpretasi citra seperti warna, bentuk, tekstur, rona, pola dan bayangan ditambah dengan interpretasi geologi yang meliputi relief atau morfologi. Interpretasi litologi didapatkan litologi lava, piroklastik dan alluvium. Struktur geologi hasil interpretasi citra satelit meliputi, struktur sesar, struktur runtuhan (collapse) dan kelurusan (lineament). Struktur permukaan dianalisis melalui kerapatan lineament di permukaan dengan metode FFD (Fault Fracture Density). Berdasarkan peta FFD, diketahui bahwa daerah prospek panasbumi berada di daerah Candiumbul, Kendal Duwur, Keningar, Gunung Telomoyo, Candidukuh, dan baratlaut daerah penelitian. Analisis struktur geologi dari lineament menggunakan diagram roset diketahui arah umumnya yaitu barat – laut, timurlaut-baratdaya. Berdasarkan analisis petrografi, litologi penyusun berupa lava andesit dan piroklastik.Berdasarkan survey lapangan, sistem panasbumi Gunung Telomoyo yang menjadi heat source berasal dari magma andesit – basaltik, lalu reservoir area panasbumi Gunung Telomoyo terdapat pada batuan piroklastik, dan cap rock nya yaitu lava andesit.

PENINGKATAN DAYA DUKUNG TANAH DENGAN METODE GROUTING : STUDI KASUS KALI SEMARANG, JAWA TENGAH Rahadian Aksono
Geological Engineering E-Journal Vol 5, No 1 (2013): Volume 5, Nomor 1, Tahun 2013
Publisher : Program Studi Teknik Geologi, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro

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Kali Semarang in Semarang city will be constructed embankment. The result of soil investigation by sondir or cone penetration test (CPT) was obtained in the form of very soft clay to soft clay and has low soil bearing capacity. This may in turn damage the embankment which will be built because of a decline slowly building embankment. So it need the compaction soil by compaction grouting for increasing soil density and soil bearing capacity.The purpose of the research is to know the soil types and soil bearing capacity in areas of research by sondir / CPT data, determining the grouting implementation methods improving very soft soil forces, determining the soil type changes after grouting, and comparing the soil bearing capacity value before and after grouting.The method used in this research is the soil investigation by using the cone penetration test (CPT) or sondir. CPT before grouting has been done 3 points by Sondir-1, Sondir-2, and Sondir-3, while CPT after grouting has been done by Sondir-1. Afterwards, the CPT’s data was processed dan analysed by using the software of Corel Draw X4, Microsoft Exel 2007.The results of the processing and analysis of data is clay soil until depth of 20 meters. Very soft clay is in the depth of 14 meters and soft clay is in the depth of 20 meters. The soil types is very soft clay and soft clay.Therefore, it is necessary done compaction by compaction grouting. In term of increasing soil bearing capacity, grouting gave the effect of change in soil types at the grouting point in the depths of 14 meters to be sandy silt, 20 meters to be the silty sand, and 3,6-3,8 meters to be sandy silt. Soil bearing capacity at 30ty day after the grouting was around from 29,13–79,00 ton/m2 atau 2,91–7,9 kg/cm2 and the average sondir result was 49,10 ton/m2,whereas before the grouting result was around 20,10–28,00 or 2,01–2,8 kg/cm2and for the average result was 23,25 ton/m2.

EVALUASI GROUTING PADA SECTION RETAINING WALL – B (DOWNSTREAM) DI KALI SEMARANG, KELURAHAN PANGGUNG LOR, KOTA SEMARANG, JAWA TENGAH Khalaksita Amikani Asbella; Dwiyanto Joko Suprapto; Fahrudin Fahrudin; Citra Ningtyas
Geological Engineering E-Journal Vol 6, No 1 (2014): Volume 6, Nomor 1, Tahun 2014
Publisher : Program Studi Teknik Geologi, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro

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Kali Semarang is one of the watering pattern that was in Semarang, Central Java, which runs from Pandanaran heading north toward the Java Sea. At the time of Semarang and surrounding areas have a condition that there are no rocks exposed at the surface because it is an area of older alluvium and river stage consisting of loose material such as clay, so this area has soft soil conditions until very soft. Lowering occurs in the area of construction of the embankment caused by the soft soil in the area around the construction of the embankment. Judging from the condition of the soil is soft and very soft, so we must be careful in determining the appropriate and correct methods for prevention of ground movement. Based on the soil conditions in the area of Kali Semarang, a study was undertaken using data SPT (Standard Penetration Test) to see the condition of the soil strength, and then to increase the strength of the soil used a method which is the method of grouting.From the results of drilling conducted at the Gate House point E1 +10 m, known at depth 0-2 m of sand sized loose gravel gray. At a depth of 2-20 m in the form of clay sized soft to very soft with gray. From SPT test data at Gate House point E1 +10 m, obtained N - SPT values <2 (very soft) at a depth of 2.8 to 5.8 m and a depth of 10.4 to 11.7 m. 2-3 N - SPT values (soft) is at a depth of 7.8 to 8.8 m and a depth of 13.4 to 19.3 m. SPT N - values (very dust) contained in an area close to the surface that is at a depth of 1.4 m.Once implemented method of grouting on Retaining Wall section B point 13 +1 m, +2 m point C10, and C18 +2 m point, a change in the value of the SPT test that the higher the value of N-SPT 4 (very dust) its value changed to 10 -15 (rather dense). N-SPT value of 0-1 (very soft), and the N-SPT values 2-3 (soft) turned into a N-SPT values 3-4 (soft), the value of N-SPT 5-7 (firm,) and N-SPT values 8-13 (stiff). To pile foundation bearing capacity changes from 16.57 tons to 35,98 tons to 53,03 tons. From the results of this investigation obtained good results for the purpose of grouting method successfully to increase the carrying capacity of the soil at the study site.Judging from its success with the implementation of the construction of grouting method can be resumed because the carrying capacity of the land has allowed it to withstand the load of the building to be erected.

STUDI STRUKTUR GEOLOGI DAN LITOLOGI MENGGUNAKAN METODE PEMETAAN GEOLOGI BERBASIS PENGINDERAAN JAUH PADA BLOK KOLBANO, PULAU TIMOR, NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR Helnaria Fermi Pandelisman
Geological Engineering E-Journal Vol 5, No 1 (2013): Volume 5, Nomor 1, Tahun 2013
Publisher : Program Studi Teknik Geologi, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro

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Pulau Timor merupakan bagian dari Busur Banda yang terletak antara Laut Savu dan LautTimor dan berada pada zona tumbukan antara tepi barat laut benua Australia yang bergerak ke utaradengan lempeng samudera Indo-Australia dan Laut Banda. Ekspresi struktur geologi yang terekamdalam relief dan topografi daerah Blok Kolbano dikaji dengan metode pemetaan geologi berbasispenginderaan jauh. Citra satelit Landsat 7-ETM+ diintegrasi dengan DEM SRTM untukmengidentifikasi struktur geologi dan satuan litologi, pengukuran tegasan utama terbesar jugadilakukan untuk menunjang interpretasi sistem sesar di daerah penelitian. Tujuh satuan batuan sedimen berumur Perm sampai Miosen, dan struktur geologi berupa antiklin, sinklin, sesar naik, sesar mendatar, dan sesar normal berhasil diidentifikasi dalam penelitianini. Sistem sesar yang berkembang di daerah penelitian merupakan sistem sesar naik dengan tipeimbrikasi yang diperlihatkan oleh umur batuan yang menunjukan kecenderunganyounging (tuamuda)dari sesar naik tertua dan keberadaan lipatan – lipatan di antara lembaran sesar – sesar naik daerah penelitian. Tegasan utama terbesar daerah penelitian adalah Timur laut - Barat daya atau cenderung ke arah NNE – SSW. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini disusun dalam SistemInformasi Geografis (SIG) yang menggunakan citra satelit Landsat 7- ETM+ terkoreksi sebagai petadasar sehingga terjaga secara georefrensi.

ANALISIS FASIES BATUAN PERM-TRIAS DAN PROSPEKSI BATUAN INDUK DAN RESERVOIR DI CEKUNGAN TIMOR, NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR Andi Heri Prastian
Geological Engineering E-Journal Vol 6, No 1 (2014): Volume 6, Nomor 1, Tahun 2014
Publisher : Program Studi Teknik Geologi, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro

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Timor Basin is one of the basin in the Eastern Indonesia wich could has a greatest hydrocarbon potential, however the geological conditions are poorly understood due to the complexity of geological condition, lack of geological and geophysical data, and overwhelming of many different geological concept. This research were conducted in the Kekneno Area, Nenas, South Central Timor, East Nusa Tenggara.The purpose of this study is to arrange a complete sequence of lithostratigraphy, analysis of depositional environment facies, macropaleontological, petrographic and organic petrology analysis. It could compare the relationship between rocks deposited in specific depositional environment with potential as a reservoir and source rock.The method of this study is done by geological field observation by measuring stratigraphic section in some geological traverses to taking the stratigraphy data in detail, and laboratory analysis as petrographic analysis, paleontology, and organic petrology.The result of the facies analysis show that Permian aged rocks deposited on the Middle Fan and Lower to Upper Slope Facies. The Triassic rocks deposited on the Outer Fan, Outer Shelf to Upper Slope, Middle Fan and Inner Fan Facies. From analysis of organic petrology, rock as a potential source rock is black shale of Niof Formation deposited on Outer Fan Facies, with high Vitrinite Maceral composition (87.1%) were included in the Gas Prone Potential category (>95%). Sandstones of Babulu and Cribas Formation from petrographic anaysis indicate poorer levels percentage of porosity is very small (<5%) were included in the classification of bad, so both of the formations are not good potential as a reservoir.

ANALISIS PROVENANCE, DIAGENESIS DAN LINGKUNGAN PENGENDAPAN SERTA PENGARUH TERHADAP KUALITAS RESERVOIR BATUPASIR FORMASI TALANG AKAR, SUMUR FA-21, CEKUNGAN JAWA BARAT UTARA Fahmi Abdillah; Hadi Nugroho; Fahrudin Fahrudin; Agus Priyantoro
Geological Engineering E-Journal Vol 6, No 2 (2014): Wisuda Periode Juli - Oktober 2014
Publisher : Program Studi Teknik Geologi, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro

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The necessary of technology at this time resulted the necessary of energy resources will increasing, and it also result the scarcity of energy resources. One of the energy resources that is still used as a major energy resource is oil and gas. To overcome these problems, exploration activities at this time needs to be further improved. In the field of exploration, one of the most important things to know is reservoir. Reservoir quality is important for us to know so that we can determine whether an area has hydrocarbon potential to be developed or not. The main parameters of reservoir quality are porosity and permeability.In this study discussed the analysis of provenance, diagenetic and depositional environment of the sandstone reservoir of Talang Akar Formation, North West Java Basin and from the results of the analysis will be associated with the effect on reservoir quality. To determine the reservoir quality based on these parameters, can be done by several methods such as petrographic, cores, SEM and XRD analysis. From the analysis that has been done can be seen that the provenance of Talang Akar sandstone is Granite. So it can be seen that the Talang Akar sandstone which the provenance is Granite has good reservoir quality, with porosity values ranging from 19.04% to 24.28% and permeability ranging between 30-674 mD or belonging to the class good - very good (Koesoemadinata, 1980). Then the diagenetic process that occurs is compaction, cementation, replacement and dissolution. The process of compaction, cementation and replacement leads to reduced rock porosity values ranging from 2.25 to 11.5%, while the dissolution process resulting in increased rock porosity is about 1.5 - 2%. The depositional environment of the Talang Akar Sandstone is Upper Delta front. Rock facies in the upper delta front has good reservoir quality, with porosity values range from 19.04% to 24.28% and permeability range between 30-674 mD or belonging to the class is good - very good (Koesoemadinata, 1980).

ANALISIS PENGGUNAAN LAHAN BAGIAN HULU SUNGAI CILIWUNG DALAM MENGURANGI VOLUME BANJIR JAKARTA DENGAN INTEGRASI CITRA SATELIT DEM SRTM Ageng Nurmalasari
Geological Engineering E-Journal Vol 6, No 1 (2014): Volume 6, Nomor 1, Tahun 2014
Publisher : Program Studi Teknik Geologi, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro

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Flooding is a natural disasters phenomenon that often occurs in big cities inIndonesia, one of them is Jakarta. The Consequences of the floods in Jakarta are lowlandmorphology, high rainfall, large surface flow (run-off), river gradient or drainagegradient is very gentle, tidal influence and siltation of rivers around estuary. Jakarta is apart of the Ciliwung River downstream part, with a low situation of Jakarta makes therole of the Ciliwung upstream part become very important. It is connected with aconsequence of the flood runoff that can not be optimally absorbed by the soil, due tochanges in land use are not in accordance with their designation as a protected areas. The aims of this study to determine the condition of the Ciliwung upstream partsuch as changes of land use, condition of morphology and its effect on the volume offlooding in Jakarta. After knowing the changes and morphology that exist in the areathrough satellite imagery, it can be planned arrangement of space that affect thedischarge of water flows into upstream part. This study is geographically located in 106049'40" - 107000'15" East Longitudeand 6038'15" - 6046'05" South Latitute. Administratively, Ciliwung upstream part covers30 villages in Bogor Regency there are 2 villages (Sukaraja Subdistrict), 7 villages(Ciawi Subdistrict), 10 villages (Cisarua Subdistrict) , 11 villages (MegamendungSubdistrict) and 1 village in the East Bogor Subdistrict. Ciliwung upstream partwatershed area are 14 860 ha. The method of this study by approach analysis of landforms and land cover. Themain data used are Landsat - 7 ETM +, geological map scale of 1 : 100,000 and theearth map scale of 1 : 25,000. In addition, for an extra analysis of geological conditions,also used the image processing results that is Digital Elevation Model. The results usedfor the basis of land use planning that expected to be one solution to reduction of rainfallthat disembogue into the Bay of Jakarta. The analysis results of Landsat satellite imagery with multi-temporal from time totime there are visible changes in lines vegetation area become more bit and pushed by thedevelopment in various sectors. With the land use planning on the Ciliwung upstreampart, the government is expected to objectify, so the discharge of run-off flowing intoJakarta is reduced.

ANALISIS POTENSI ALIRAN AIRTANAH BERDASARKAN DELINEASI NILAI PERMEABILITAS SEKUNDER, PADA TAMBANG BAWAH PERMUKAAN, CIURUG CENTRAL L. 500, UNIT BISNIS PERTAMBANGAN EMAS, PT. ANEKA TAMBANG TBK, PONGKOR, KABUPATEN BOGOR, JAWA BARAT Neli Nikla Iklima; Henarno Pudjihardjo; Dian Agus Widiarso; Yosep Purnama
Geological Engineering E-Journal Vol 5, No 2 (2013): Volume 5, Nomor 2, Tahun 2013
Publisher : Program Studi Teknik Geologi, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro

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Kegiatan penambangan emas yang dilakukan oleh PT. Aneka Tambang Tbk, yang berlokasi di Desa Bantar Karet, Kabupaten Bogor, Jawa Barat, berupa pertambangan tertutup, yaitu pembuatan terowongan bawah tanah untuk pengambilan bijih emas. Penghancuran bijih emas dilakukan dengan metode blasting (peledakan) yang dilakukan pada dinding terowongan yang kerap menimbulkan masalah yang sulit diatasi, yaitu airtanah yang tiba-tiba keluar dengan debit tertentu. Akumulasi dari airtanah akan membentuk genangan air, terutama air yang keluar dengan debit besar, akan sangat mengganggu aktifitas pertambangan seperti gangguan aktivitas pekerja serta gangguan lingkungan seperti banjir.Untuk mengatasi permasalahan airtanah dalam terowongan bawah tanah diperlukan kajian hidrogeologi untuk mengetahui potensi aliran airtanah, berdasarkan besarnya nilai permeabilitas sekunder. Nilai permeabilitas sekunder didapatkan melalui metode scanline, yaitu metode pengukuran rekahan dengan membentangkan tali pada dinding terowongan yang terdapat banyak rekahan dengan panjang dan kemiringan tertentu. Rekahan yang terpotong oleh bentangan tali tersebut diukur besar strike dan dip-nya, serta diamati karakteristik rekahannya, seperti bukaan rekahan (aperture), jarak (spasi), kemenerusan (lenght), material pengisi, bentuk (shape), dan kekasaran (rough).Metode scanline dilakukan pada dinding terowongan yang basah, meneteskan air, dan mengalirkan air. Pada lokasi ramp down (jalur menurun) elevasi 450 (RY – 01), didapatkan hasil permeabilitas rata-rata sebesar 3.6 x 10-4 m/s. Untuk dinding yang teraliri oleh air, nilai permeabilitas yang didapat adalah nilai permeabilitas tertinggi yaitu 2.6 x 10-3 m/s. Sedangkan untuk akses ramp down elevasi 500 (RY – 02) didapatkan nilai permeabilitas yang lebih rendah yaitu 1.3 x 10-5 m/s. Potensi aliran airtanah tertinggi berada pada lokasi RY-01 yaitu STA 3 dan STA 6. Pada kedua stasiun pengamatan ini ditemukan aliran airtanah dengan debit yang kecil, dan untuk STA 6 merupakan akumulasi arah aliran airtanah pada peta kontur MAT. Berdasarkan nilai permeabilitas sekunder dan karakteristik rekahan dari kedua lokasi ini, lokasi RY – 01 memiliki potensi yang lebih besar untuk mengalirkan air, dibandingkan pada lokasi RY – 02.

ANALISIS FASIES BATUAN SEDIMEN SERTA HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN PARAMETER KUALITAS BATUBARA BERDASARKAN ANALISIS UJI PROKSIMAT PADA LAPANGAN EKSPLORASI PT ANUGERAH LUMBUNG ENERGI, TAMBANG KINTAP, KABUPATEN TANAH LAUT, PROVINSI KALIMANTAN SELATAN Yudistira Aji Sasongko
Geological Engineering E-Journal Vol 6, No 2 (2014): Wisuda Periode Juli - Oktober 2014
Publisher : Program Studi Teknik Geologi, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro

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Asam-asam Basin is one of the basins where to be found good quality coals in Kalimantan, especially in the the Eocene Tanjung Formation. The studies of Tanjung Formation have been done by other researchers, but study devoted to the Tanjung Formation of Asam-asam Basin has not been done yet. The purpose of this study was to determine the lithological characteristics found in the study sites, geological structure, sedimentary rock facies, as well as studies about the relationship between sedimentary rock facies with quality parameters of coal based on laboratory proximate test analysis. The study was conducted using descriptive methods include case study research and direct observation in the field through geological mapping and stratigraphic measurements, as well as analysis method include performed data processing as a result of field observation and other supporting data. The processed data is presented in the form of lithology columns, maps, and data of geological structure. After that performed the laboratory analysis includes analysis of sedimentary facies and structural analysis of geology. In the final stage is the interpretation of sedimentary facies and their relationship with quality parameters of coal based on proximate test analysis. Based on the results of research, it is known that geological structures that develop in area of research are systematical joints with main force direction North-Northeast (NNE) - South-Southwest (SSW), normal faults with a trending fault plane Southwest - Northeast , as well as the reverse fault with a trending fault plane Northwest - Southeast. From the facies analysis, rocks of older age at study sites are sedimented on transitional lower delta plain environment, with sub-environment includes swamp, interdistributary bay, distributary channels, and crevasse splay; whereas the younger rocks are sedimented in the lower delta plain environment, with sub-environment includes swamp, interdistributary bay, distributary channel, crevasse splay, and tidal flats. There are 11 coal seams exposed as the results of the field observations, from the oldest to the youngest age are seam L2, L1, L30, M25, M50, and M30 whose are sedimented in the transitional lower delta plain environment, also seam R1, R15, R2, R 3-1 and R 3-2 whose are sedimented in the lower delta plain environment. Based on the proximate analysis test, it is known that : ash values ranged 7-50%, classified as moderate to high (Graese, 1992); sulfur total values ranged from 0.34 to 1.06%, classified as moderate to high category (Hunt, 1984); and calorific value ranges from 2836 - 6693 kcal/kg, and the relatively low quality coal to high quality (Directorat General of Mineral and Coal, 2011; within Indonesian Coal Resources Development and Future Direction Of Coal Export). Based on the value of ash (ash content), total sulfur, and calorific value, it is known that in general, the coal seams whose sedimented at the transitional lower delta plain environment have better quality than the coal seams of lower delta plain environment.

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