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JURNAL LITIGASI (e-Journal)
Published by Universitas Pasundan
ISSN : 08537100     EISSN : 24422274     DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.23969/litigasi
Core Subject : Social,
Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences
JURNAL LITIGASI (e-Journal) is a peer-review journal with vision to develop law and harmony between Indonesian positive law and the reality in the society. JURNAL LITIGASI (e-Journal) aims to 1. Actively participate in national development and reformation of law; 2. Take part in educating higher education and legal profession in Indonesia; 3. Provide information on development of law in Indonesia 4. Enlight people in order to improve people’s knowledge of law JURNAL LITIGASI (e-Journal) is published by Fakultas Hukum Universitas Pasundan. LITIGASI covers articles on science of law, legal theories, legal philosophy, social study on law with latest and actual substances. LITIGASI publishes original and scientific articles whose values of novelty in the form of Research findings, Articles, Reviews, and Book Review.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Hukum
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Search results for , issue "Vol. 27 No. 1 (2026)" : 1 Documents clear
Online Child Sexual Exploitation And Abuse As Organized Crime: Towards a New International Legal Framework Septianita, Hesti; Pujiyono; Cahyaningtyas, Irma
LITIGASI Vol. 27 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Pasundan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23969/litigasi.v27i1.43221

Abstract

Online child sexual exploitation and abuse (OCSEA) has developed as an important manifestation of transnational organized crime, constituting a systematic violation of children's fundamental rights under international law. This study considers the structural transformation of OCSEA — starting from local, offline incidents to coordinated darknet operations characterized by hierarchical criminal networks, role specialization, cryptocurrency-based financial flows, and cross-border coordination. Employing a doctrinal legal approach, blended with comparative jurisdictional analysis and concrete review of law enforcement data, this research carefully evaluates the capacity of existing international legal regimes to address OCSEA as organized crime. The analysis shows substantial normative and institutional deficiencies across key international instruments — including UNTOC, the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, the Lanzarote Convention, and relevant ASEAN frameworks — encompassing definitional inconsistencies, fragmented jurisdictional authority, inadequately harmonized criminal standards, and enforcement gaps that organized criminal networks systematically exploit. The study further shows that OCSEA satisfies the defining criteria of transnational organized crime, as offenders across multiple jurisdictions collaborate in the production, distribution, and financial exploitation of child sexual abuse material (CSAM) through advanced technical infrastructure. Accordingly, this research develops a normative argument for a binding global legal framework that standardizes criminal definitions, establishes universal jurisdiction, strengthens cross-border cooperation, and institutionalizes international monitoring. In doing so, it contributes theoretically by reconceptualizing OCSEA within the transnational organized crime paradigm, and normatively by proposing a coherent direction for international legal reform.

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