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Sinergi
Published by Universitas Mercu Buana
ISSN : 14102331     EISSN : 24601217     DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.22441/sinergi
Core Subject : Engineering,
Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Control & Systems Engineering Electrical & Electronics Engineering Engineering Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering
SINERGI is a peer-reviewed international journal published three times a year in February, June, and October. The journal is published by Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Mercu Buana. Each publication contains articles comprising high quality theoretical and empirical original research papers, review papers, and literature reviews that are closely related to the fields of Engineering (Mechanical, Electrical, Industrial, Civil, and Architecture). The theme of the paper is focused on new industrial applications and energy development that synergize with global, green and sustainable technologies. The journal registered in the CrossRef system with Digital Object Identifier (DOI). The journal has been indexed by Google Scholar, DOAJ, BASE, and EBSCO.
Arjuna Subject : Teknik (semua kategori) - Teknik (Lain-Lain)
Articles 27 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Vol 30, No 1 (2026)" : 27 Documents clear
Dynamic modeling of lithium-ion battery degradation using data-driven and physics-informed method Santoso, Daniel; Ashidqi, Muhamad Dzaky
SINERGI Vol 30, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Mercu Buana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22441/sinergi.2026.1.013

Abstract

Accurate real‑time prediction of lithium‑ion battery (LIB) capacity degradation is essential for embedded battery‑management systems. Equivalent circuit models (ECMs) run quickly but lose accuracy over time, whereas purely data-driven networks achieve high precision at a high computational cost. This study introduces a physics‑informed neural network (PINN) that embeds the differential equations of a first‑order Thevenin ECM directly into the loss function. Using only terminal voltage and current as inputs, the network simultaneously estimates internal resistance, polarization resistance, polarization capacitance, open‑circuit voltage, and capacity loss. The model was trained and evaluated over 300 charge–discharge cycles of a 18650 lithium-ferrous phosphate (LFP) cell. The resulting capacity degradation estimation achieved a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.012 and a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 0.974 %, surpassing a neural ordinary differential equation baseline with RMSE of 0.215. The trained network contains 261 parameters, requires 0.6 ms per sample for inference, and consumes 49 MB of memory. This computation cost is far lower than that of a long short‑term memory (LSTM) benchmark with comparable accuracy. In addition, the proposed model maintains its accuracy under limited dataset conditions. With a fourfold smaller training set, the PINN maintained an RMSE of 0.023, whereas the LSTM error increased to 0.72. The results demonstrate that lightweight neural networks guided by physics-based constraints can provide reliable, real-time health estimation on resource‑limited hardware.
Compound development as a protective layer on fecral substrate by a combination of γ-Al2O3 ultrasonic and NiO electroplating techniques to improve thermal stability Hidayat, Imam; Feriyanto, Dafit; Zakaria, Supaat; Abdulmalik, SS.; Nurato, Nurato; Romahadi, Dedik
SINERGI Vol 30, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Mercu Buana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22441/sinergi.2026.1.003

Abstract

One of the most technologically advanced methods for developing and adhering catalysts to the FeCrAl substrate is electrophoretic deposition. However, it faces a problem: low thermal stability at high temperatures of 10000 °C, caused by a lack of a protective oxide layer. The goal of this study is to investigate the protective oxide layers formed by Al2O3 and NiO coatings on FeCrAl metallic material for catalytic converters (CATCO). The electrolyte was prepared with distilled water at a constant temperature of 40±50 °C. The pH was adjusted to 5 with HCl and NaOH reagents. The electrolyte was prepared at 40 ± 50 °C and stirred for 1 minute using a magnetic stirrer. A 50mm x 10mm Ni plate substrate served as the anode, while a 40mm x 20mm FeCrAl cathode was used. The spacing between the anode and cathode was set at 25mm. The electroplating was conducted for several variation times of 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 minutes, current density of 8 A/dm2, 3g γ-Al2O3 was inserted into the beaker for each sample and the total surface area was 1600mm2 on both sides. Drying was performed after electroplating at 600 °C for 12 hours.  Raman spectroscopy revealed that several compounds observed during the experimental stages, such as FeCrAl, γ-Al2O3, NiO, NaO2, NiAl2O4, NiCr2O4, and FeCr2O3, were also present in the coated FeCrAl CATCO, with distinct peaks. Therefore, it can be concluded that the UB+EL 30 min successfully deposited the γ-Al2O3 and NiO on the FeCrAl substrate after CATCO fabrication.
The impact of the inclination angle of perforated screen facade on daylight performance in the tropics Elsiana, Feny; Mintorogo, Danny Santoso
SINERGI Vol 30, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Mercu Buana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22441/sinergi.2026.1.015

Abstract

Daylighting is one of the fundamental aspects of green building principles. Utilizing daylighting in a building offers numerous benefits, including energy efficiency, enhanced comfort, improved workplace productivity, better health, and increased economic value. However, buildings with glazed facades can experience excessive illuminance, uneven daylight distribution, and glare without proper shading devices. Perforated screen facade (PSF) is one of the shading devices widely used in buildings with glass facades. PSF minimizes direct solar radiation and enhances daylighting performance while preserving outdoor views. This study focused on one design variable of PSF, the inclination angle, which had not been widely explored in previous research within the context of a tropical climate. The research aimed to evaluate the impact of the PSF inclination angle on daylight performance. The research method was experimental, using radiance-based simulation as a tool. The daylight availability and visual comfort of office buildings with vertical PSF were compared with inclined PSF. The daylight performance metrics analyzed included mean illuminance, useful daylight illuminance, and spatial disturbing glare. The results indicated that implementing an inclined PSF resulted in mean illuminance ranging from 1065 to 1105 lx, useful daylight illuminance between 95.08% and 95.55%, and spatial disturbing glare between 5.1% and 6.5%. Increasing the PSF inclination angle raises the mean illuminance and spatial disturbing glare and reduces the useful daylight illuminance. PSF can be applied with an inclination angle to buildings in the tropics, providing broader possibilities for facade design exploration.
An ultra-broadband microstrip antenna using a triple dumbbell-shaped defected ground structure Haryanto, Puji; Astuti, Dian Widi; Alaydrus, Mudrik; Firdausi, Ahmad; Rusdiyanto, Dian; A Majid, Huda
SINERGI Vol 30, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Mercu Buana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22441/sinergi.2026.1.008

Abstract

Microstrip antennas are widely used in modern communication systems due to their compact size and low profile. However, they typically suffer from narrow bandwidth, limiting their performance in advanced wireless applications. This study addresses this limitation by employing a triple dumbbell-shaped defected ground structure (DGS). The antenna is designed to operate at 3.5 GHz using a Rogers RT5880 substrate, and its performance was analyzed through simulations in HFSS 15.0 software. Without the DGS, the antenna exhibits a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of only 1.71%, operating from 3.47 GHz to 3.53 GHz. Incorporating the triple dumbbell-shaped DGS in the ground layer increases the FBW significantly to 53.6%, extending the operating frequency range from 2.39 GHz to 4.14 GHz. This improvement was achieved through the careful optimization of DGS parameters. The simulated gain at 3.5 GHz is 5.13 dBi. The proposed design demonstrates superior performance compared to conventional techniques such as split-ring resonators (SRR) and Butler matrix (BM) configurations. Simulation and measurement results show excellent agreement, validating the design. The achieved ultra-wideband performance benefits 5G and next-generation systems, offering greater frequency tolerance, diverse signal support, increased capacity, and reliable operation, making the antenna a promising candidate for future wireless applications. 
Towards low-carbon ammonia: simulation and economic evaluation of blue ammonia with carbon utilization Pratiwi, Vibianti Dwi; Kunup, Sukmawati; Aulia, Nada Rahma; Hasan, Helmi Sayid; Suhartono, Jono
SINERGI Vol 30, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Mercu Buana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22441/sinergi.2026.1.021

Abstract

The proposed blue ammonia production considers technical, environmental, and economic aspects. The design of the blue ammonia using CCUS (Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage) technology in this study contributes to reducing carbon emissions and providing a more environmentally friendly ammonia supply in East Java, Indonesia, due to the availability of raw materials and geological storage locations for CO2 storage. Technically, the blue ammonia production was simulated with Aspen Hysys V.14.0. uses the Kellogg process, where the ammonia converter operates at a temperature of 437.60 °C and a pressure of 141.9 bar. From the environmental aspect, as much as 68.34 tons/h of ammonia produced produces CO2 71.36 tons/h, which is a total emission of 1.06 tons CO2/ tons NH3. In this study, CO2 delivery with a pipe length of 85 km  (ID:539.8mm; OD: 558.7mm) was simulated using default parameters in Aspen Hysys V.14.0. In economic calculations from APEA (Aspen Process Economic Analyzer), the manufacture of blue ammonia designed in this study is very large, with a TAC (Total Annual Cost) of $82.25x106/year and an LCOA (Levelized Cost of Ammonia) of $93.28x108/ tons NH3. This study demonstrates the integration of CCUS technology into ammonia production, resulting in a reduction of CO₂ emissions by 1.06 tons CO₂ per ton of ammonia produced. The proposed system provides a practical approach for improving the environmental sustainability of industrial chemical processes.
Use of activated carbon from NiO modified Polyethylene Terephthalate plastic bottle waste to optimize natural gas storage in Adsorbed Natural Gas (ANG) technology Yuliusman, Yuliusman; Kamilia, Athaya Khanza; Utomo, Anggi Nugroho; Nasruddin, Nasruddin
SINERGI Vol 30, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Mercu Buana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22441/sinergi.2026.1.022

Abstract

Storage and transportation of natural gas are major challenges in optimizing energy use. To overcome the challenges, Adsorbed Natural Gas (ANG) technology offers a promising alternative for increasing storage capacity at lower pressures. Therefore, this study aims to explore the efficiency of waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles converted into activated carbon through pre-treatment, carbonization, chemical activation with 4 M KOH, and physical activation using N₂ flow. Modification of activated carbon was carried out using NiO metal impregnation at concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, and 2% to enhance adsorption performance. The results of characterization using iodine number, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) showed that the 2% NiO-impregnated sample had the highest surface area of 997.65 m²/g. Natural gas adsorption and desorption testing showed that this material achieved the maximum storage capacity of 138.9 g/kg at 28°C and 9 bar, with superior performance compared to non-impregnated samples and several previously reported ANG adsorbents. These results showed that combining NiO modification with KOH-activated PET waste improved methane uptake beyond commercial activated carbons and provided an environmentally sustainable solution for plastic waste valorization. 
Land cover changes, built-up and vegetation density, and the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon in Pekanbaru City Sari, Meassa Monikha; Dewi, Atri Prautama; Lestari, Valdya Hartati; Deviro, Sonya Okta
SINERGI Vol 30, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Mercu Buana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22441/sinergi.2026.1.004

Abstract

Pekanbaru city has a high population growth rate and is currently experiencing rapid urbanization, which is driving urban expansion. Urban development alters land cover patterns and reduces environmental quality. The development of residential areas and infrastructure reduces vegetation, affecting Land Surface Temperature (LST) and contributing to the emergence of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon. This study aims to analyze changes in land cover, examine the correlation between LST and the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and then investigate the UHI phenomenon in Pekanbaru City. The research method is quantitative, using data from Pekanbaru City, an administrative map, and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS imagery, which were spatially analyzed in ARGIS and QGIS. The novelty is the use of guided classification and maximum likelihood algorithms for land cover classification, which revealed significant changes over the five years from 2018 to 2023 in Pekanbaru City. Over 5 years, land cover in the city of Pekanbaru changed, with water bodies increasing by 23%, palm areas increasing by 5%, built-up areas increasing by 34%, and vegetation increasing by 10%, while bare land decreased by 57%. There are significant changes in built-up and vegetation density. The correlation between land surface temperature and built-up density is positive; however, it is negatively correlated with vegetation density. There is an urban heat island phenomenon in Pekanbaru City, characterized by surface temperatures exceeding the UHI threshold. 
Towards enhanced acoustic fan booster damage detection: a comparative study of feature-based and machine learning approaches Youlia, Rikko Putra; Romahadi, Dedik; Feleke, Aberham Genetu; Nugroho, Irfan Evi; Alina, Alina
SINERGI Vol 30, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Mercu Buana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22441/sinergi.2026.1.016

Abstract

Machine failure detection frequently uses non-destructive monitoring techniques such as vibration analysis. Although vibration analysis can identify machine degradation, the apparatus is often costly and necessitates specialist knowledge. Additionally, many existing methods in audio classification rely on characteristics represented as pictures or vectors, which increases computational complexity. In contrast, this research introduces a novel method that substitutes vibration data with a singular numerical feature derived from audio signals, addressing both cost and complexity issues. Our objective is to develop a rapid and precise audio-based method for detecting machine damage. The acoustic signals from the machine apparatus were classified into three categories: normal, belt damage, and combined belt and bearing defect. The data processing technique involved lowering the sample rate and segmenting the data to improve computational efficiency and classification performance. We use the Welch method and appropriate statistical techniques to analyze Power Spectral Density (PSD). The performance of seven classifier models, KNN, LDA, SVM, NB, ANN, RF, and DT, was evaluated using accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, and F-score. LDA achieved the highest accuracy at 92.83%, followed by ANN (92.75%), NB (92.74%), and DT (92.34%). These models outperformed KNN (89.90%) and RF (89.40%), with SVM recording the lowest accuracy at 85.40%. LDA was highly effective, achieving the highest accuracy with a single average PSD-type feature, showcasing its robustness in machine defect diagnosis. Compared to previous methods, this approach simplifies feature extraction, reduces computational demands, and maintains high diagnostic performance, providing notable benefits in terms of effectiveness and precision. 
Experimental investigation of PWHT and normalizing effects on SMAW low-carbon steel joint properties Manik, Parlindungan; Firdhaus, Ahmad; Prasetya, Blinka Hernawan; Prayoga, Rhizky
SINERGI Vol 30, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Mercu Buana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22441/sinergi.2026.1.009

Abstract

The influence of post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) followed by normalizing on the mechanical properties of AH36 low-carbon steel is significant, particularly in the context of marine applications, such as shipbuilding welded joints. According to the extant literature, PWHT has been demonstrated to reduce residual stresses and enhance microstructural uniformity. However, the suitable PWHT temperatures for AH36 steel welds to balance strength, ductility, and toughness prior to normalizing remain underexplored. The objective of this study is to ascertain the suitable PWHT temperatures prior to normalizing, with the aim of improving weld performance in marine environments. A parametric study was conducted on AH36 steel specimens welded using shielded metal arc welding. The specimens were subjected to PWHT at 0°C (as-welded), 450°C, 600°C, and 750°C, followed by normalizing. Tensile, bending, and Charpy impact tests were utilized to assess the mechanical properties against established maritime safety standards. The results show that 600°C is the optimal PWHT temperature, effectively reducing residual stresses and promoting microstructural homogeneity. This, in turn, ensures that welds meet safety standards while preserving mechanical integrity. Higher temperatures increased the risk of brittleness, while lower temperatures provided insufficient stress relief. This study demonstrates that precise selection of PWHT temperature prior to normalizing is critical for ensuring reliable welds in marine structures. It identifies the optimal condition that maximizes strength, ductility, and impact toughness of AH36 steel while satisfying the Indonesian Classification Bureau (BKI) maritime safety standards. 
The effect of different levels of cleanness of the pre-coat surface on adhesion and corrosion performance of A36 steel with epoxy coating Widodo, Teguh Dwi; Setyarini, Putu Hadi; Sugiarto, Sugiarto; Raharjo, Rudianto; Bintarto, Redi; Darmadi, Djarot Bangun; Sagita, Sagita
SINERGI Vol 30, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Mercu Buana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22441/sinergi.2026.1.010

Abstract

Adhesion and corrosion protection are the main properties of epoxy coatings, especially when applied to materials exposed to harsh environments, such as chloride-containing water. However, the adhesion and corrosion protection of coatings are affected by surface preparation, especially the cleanliness of the substrate surface prior to coating application. Choosing the proper surface preparation can optimize the coating's capabilities. This research aims to evaluate the Effect of blasting process cleanliness on coating performance on the steel surface. The novel approach is to correlate NACE surface cleanliness standards with coating performance. In this study, A36 steel is used. The cleaning procedure uses an air-blasting process with an 8-bar nozzle pressure and at least 5 minutes of spraying time to meet the desired National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) standard. The abrasive utilizing garnet with a mesh of 30-40. Meanwhile, coating is performed at room temperature using the airless spray method with a 90° angle, a distance of 25 cm from the substrate and the nozzle, and a nozzle speed of 300 mm/s. The gap in the coating process between the first and second layers is 24 hours. The results showed that surface preparation influenced the coating's pullout strength and corrosion performance. The pullout strength test demonstrated that NACE 2 provided the highest pullout strength. Likewise, corrosion rate testing showed that surface preparation affects the corrosion rate, with NACE 1 providing the lowest corrosion rate (the best corrosion protection). 

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