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INDONESIA
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : 22526951     EISSN : -     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science, Engineering,
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 830 Documents
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Biosynthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles from Aqueous Extract of Moringa Oleifera L.: Its Application as Antibacterial and Photocatalyst
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science Vol 11 No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ijcs.v11i2.52498

Abstract

ZnO nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by the biosynthesis method using water extract of Moringa leaf (Moringa oleifera L.) as a reducing agent and stabilizer as well as a capping agent. This study aimed to characterize ZnO nanoparticles and their application as antibacterial and photocatalyst. Characterization was carried out using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The biosynthesis ZnO nanoparticles have a hexagonal wurtzite phase with an average crystal size of 16.97 nm and a crystallinity level of 78.49%. Antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles with concentrations of 3%, 6%, 9% resulted in an average inhibition zone of bacterial growth in S. aureus was 19.6 0.16; 21.8 0.33; 24.3 0.14 and in E.coli it is 9.87 0.2; 11.3 0.04; 11.57 0.06. The greater the concentration of ZnO nanoparticles, the larger the diameter of the inhibition zone. The result of photodegradation of methylene blue is greatest with variations in the mass of ZnO nanoparticles and the concentration of methylene blue is 95% with a nanoparticle mass of 120 mg, methylene blue concentration of 10 ppm, and an irradiation time of 150 minutes.
A Review: Nanoparticles NiFe2O4 Synthesis and Its Application as Hyperthermia Agents in Biomedicine
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science Vol 11 No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ijcs.v11i2.52590

Abstract

Nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) is one of the spinel ferrite nanoparticles that is useful for scientific and technological, like biomedicine. This paper discusses the synthesis of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles by various methods. This paper aims to find out the most efficient method for the synthesis of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles which are used as hyperthermia agents in biomedicine. The method used is a literature study of an article with publications from 1956-2018 by discussing several methods of NiFe2O4 syntheses, such as sol-gel, hydrothermal, co-precipitation, and combustion. From these methods, it was found that co-precipitation is the most efficient method among the other methods because it produces a relatively small NiFe2O4 nanoparticle size, which is 28 nm, causing these small particles to tend to be superparamagnetic and is good to be used as hyperthermia agent in biomedicine. This study is expected to be used as a reference to determine the method for synthesizing NiFe2O4 nanoparticles.
Isolation and Identification of Flavonoid Compounds from Mahogany Leaves (Swietenia mahagoni) and Their Antioxidant Activity with the DPPH Method
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science Vol 11 No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

Mahogany leaves (Swietenia mahagoni) contain antioxidant compounds such as alkaloid, flavonoid, steroid, terpenoids, and tannin. This study aims to analyze the types of flavonoid compounds and the strength of IC50 in mahogany leaves (Swietenia mahagoni). The independent variables in this study were the type of sample and the concentration in the antioxidant test. The control variables used are solvent volume and extraction time. While the dependent variable is the IC50 value. The isolation methods used were maceration extraction, partitioning, TLC, and separation using column chromatography. Samples were characterized using GC, FT-IR, and UV-Vis. The presence of flavonoids was proven by using the FT-IR instrument where there was the absorption of the functional groups OH, aliphatic CH, C=O, C=C aromatic, C-O, and CH aromatics. UV-Vis spectrophotometer showed absorption with a maximum wavelength of 230 in band 2 and 408 in band 1. It can be assumed that the isolated flavonoid compound was an Auron-type flavonoid. The IC50 in the methanol extract was 48.07 ppm at various concentration (45.83; 62.50; 79.16) ppm, the ethyl acetate fraction was 38.26 ppm at various concentration (12.50; 45.83; 79, 16) ppm, positive isolates of flavonoid mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni) 70.00 ppm at various concentration (75.00; 100.00; 125.00) ppm, and quercetin 30.384 ppm at various concentration (45.83; 50.00 ; 66.67) ppm.
Toothpaste Gel Preparation from Composite of Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan-Green Betel Leaf (Piper Batle L.) Extract
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science Vol 11 No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ijcs.v11i2.54583

Abstract

The use of toothpaste aims to reduce plaque and remineralize tooth enamel as a result of the reduction caused by the activity of oral bacteria. Toothpaste is generally added with antibiotics to treat bacterial caries, but the addition of calcium remineralization compounds to teeth is rarely found so the development of toothpaste with three ingredients, namely hydroxyapatite as an ingredient for remineralization, chitosan, and green betel leaf extract as an antibiotic. The purpose of this study was to manufacture a toothpaste gel formula from the hydroxyapatite-chitosan-green betel leaf extract composite and to determine the physical and chemical properties of each formula. This research is a laboratory experimental research. The results of the organoleptic test showed that the variation of green betel leaf extract affected the color, texture, and aroma of each formula. The homogeneity test showed the homogeneity of the third formula. The third formula has good dispersion between 5-7 cm and good adhesion, which is more than 1 second. The pH test shows that the results of formula one (F1) and formula two (F2) meet the pH range according to SNI (12-3524- 1995) which is 4.5-10 while formula three (F3) is far below it.
Determination of Total Phenolic, Total Flavonoid, and Antioxidant Activity of India Onion Extract
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science Vol 11 No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ijcs.v11i2.54610

Abstract

Degenerative diseases can be triggered by free radicals. The disease can be inhibited by antioxidant compounds that can neutralize and destroy free radicals. The content of antioxidant compounds can be found in the genus Allium, one of which is the Indian red onion. Knowing the antioxidant activity, total phenolics, and total flavonoids of Indian shallot extract was the aim of this study. The extraction process was carried out from three solvents, namely dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and 96% ethanol, using the multilevel maceration method with different levels of polarity. The samples tested included testing antioxidant activity using the DPPH method, total phenolics using the Folin Ciocalteu method, and total flavonoids using the aluminum chloride calorimetric method. The results showed that there were no phenolic and flavonoid compounds that had the potential as antioxidants in the dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts. Total phenolics, total flavonoids, and IC50 values ​​in the ethanol extract were 2,381 mg GAE/g extract, respectively; 0.330 mg QE/g extract, and 297.8689 ppm. The IC50 value obtained is classified as a weak antioxidant.
Synthesis of Chitosan/Activated Carbon Composite Beads as an Adsorbent of Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions in Aqueous Solution: A Review
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science Vol 11 No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ijcs.v11i2.54943

Abstract

Water is the most important substance for the life of living things. The development of various industries causes water pollution by metal ions. Adsorption is a way to remove metal ions in water. The adsorbents commonly used for adsorption are chitosan and activated carbon. Chitosan has weaknesses such as being easily soluble in acid, low selectivity, and less strong mechanical strength. One way to improve the properties of chitosan is to modify it with activated carbon. In this study, a literature review was conducted on the manufacture of chitosan/activated carbon composite beads for Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions adsorbents. Reference sources articles obtained from the Google Scholar database were selected using exclusion and inclusion criteria. The results obtained from the literature review show that chitosan/activated carbon can be made by dissolving chitosan in a CH3COOH solution, adding with activated carbon to form a mixture and the mixture is formed into beads by dripping it into a NaOH solution. The adsorption process of chitosan/activated carbon is influenced by pH, contact time, and solution concentration. The reaction mechanism that occurs is thought to be through electrostatic bonds, the formation of complex compounds, and the pores of the adsorbent. Chitosan/activated carbon adsorbent is an adsorbent that can be regenerated and reused for adsorption 5 times.
Effect of Mannitol Concentration on The Stability of Encapsulated Yeast Black Rice Extract
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science Vol 11 No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ijcs.v11i2.55200

Abstract

The encapsulation process of black rice yeast extract with mannitol was able to minimize the occurrence of protein aggregation and degradation processes due to encapsulated preparations that had low bioavailability. This study aims to determine the effect of mannitol concentration on the stability of encapsulated black rice yeast extract using sonication techniques and a poloxamer support matrix. The addition of mannitol used concentration variations (0 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 75 ppm dan 100 ppm). The stability of the encapsulated results was measured using a TDS (Total Dissolve Solid) meter to see the level of turbidity and characterized using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to see the shift in the spectra of the functional groups. The results showed that the encapsulation of formula 3 has the best stability because it has a small TDS value for a period of 7 with a turbidity of 16 ppm and the resulting color display looks clearer. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the addition of mannitol concentration affected the turbidity value without chemical interactions that damaged the active compounds in the encapsulation.
Synthesis of The Tangerine-based Cdots and AgNp-Cdots Composite
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science Vol 11 No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ijcs.v11i2.55582

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles (AgNp) have been widely developed, one of which is an antibacterial agent. The ability of AgNp to inhibit bacteria is unquestionable. These properties and characteristics can be studied further by adding defects. The defect used is Cdots from tangerines. Cdots are new materials that can be synthesized from natural materials and have unique properties. AgNp itself was synthesized by the chemical reduction method with sodium citrate as a reducing agent, while Cdots was synthesized by hydrothermal method. The results of the synthesis were analyzed using the Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) method. Absorption appears at a wave number of 1637 cm-1 which indicates the presence of C=C, C=O bonds which are characteristic of Cdots. For AgNp, absorption appears at a wave number of 593.11 cm-1 which indicates the presence of Ag vibrations. Analysis with UV-Vis spectrophotometer gave the results at a wavelength of 431 nm absorbance AgNp-Cdots of 0.723 and a wavelength of 422 nm AgNp absorbance of 0.285. The results of the Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) analysis showed that AgNp-Cdots had an average size of 38.7 nm with a PI of 0.499 and pure AgNp of 51.8 nm with a PI of 0.566. Antibacterial activity of AgNp-Cdots against E. coli bacteria showed an inhibition zone of 2 mm while AgNp showed an inhibition zone of 5 mm.
Determination of Calcium Levels with XRF and Literature Review of its Bioavailability in Vitro of Dahlia Tubers Syrop (Dahlia Pinnata Cav.)
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science Vol 11 No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ijcs.v11i2.55945

Abstract

Calcium bioavailability (Ca) states the ratio of available calcium to the amount of calcium consumed during metabolic processes. The bioavailability of Ca is calculated by the difference between the amount of Ca in the consumed food product and the excreted feces. In this research, calcium can be obtained from dahlia tuber syrup (Dahlia pinnata Cav.). The purpose of this study was to discuss the determination of Ca levels and a literature review of the Ca bioavailability of dahlia tuber syrup (Dahlia pinnata Cav.) in vitro. The content of Ca in dahlia tubers was determined experimentally using an XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) instrument. The bioavailability of Ca was determined by predicting the ratio of inulin and Ca content. The results showed that the Ca content of dahlia tuber syrup was 197,57 ppm. The bioavailability of Ca in dahlia tuber syrup in vitro was predicted from a relatively high ratio of inulin content of around 65-86% and FOS levels from hydrolysis of 5% dahlia tuber inulin about 15,41-29,38% or an average of 22,395%, on Ca levels is 81,46-85,33%. The results of the study on the bioavailability of Ca in dahlia tuber syrup (Dahlia pinnata Cav.) have a fairly high level. The high bioavailability of Ca can increase calcium absorption in the body and have health effects, among others, for heart and bone health.
The The Effect of MRD (Milk of Red Rice and Dates) Composition on the Degradation Stability of Milk Dyes and The Content of Milk Microbial Contamination
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science Vol 11 No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ijcs.v11i2.56016

Abstract

Milk is a nutritious drink that contains nutrients and vitamins needed by the body. In this study, a variant of the composition of red rice with Sukari dates and tested to obtain the best level of milk stability in the form of MRD. The composition of MRD was varied, namely MRD type I and MRD type II. The method used in this research is the analysis of milk dye degradation, milk stability analysis, microbial contamination analysis, and organoleptic testing. The results of the research on the degradation of milk dyes showed that both types of milk were in 2nd order with the reaction rate constant for type I MRD being 0.0582 and MRD type II was 0.0181. The level of stability of milk from MRD type I is 2nd order with a rate constant of 0.0953 and MRD type II is 1st order with a rate constant of 0.0998. For the microbial contamination assay showed that the microbial contamination test, showed that the two types of MRD, namely MRD type I and MRD type II were still within the safe limits and did not exceed the safe limits required by the SNI 7388:2009. The results of the hedonic test showed that the MRD type II was more favored by the respondents than the MRD type I.

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