Salim, Moh Fuad
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THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF HADITH AUTHORITY: A Comparative Analysis of al-Shafi’is and al-Tusi’s Epistemological Frameworks Mawarda, Lisa; Arifah, Afro' Anzali Nurizzati; Said, Imam Ghazali; Salim, Moh Fuad; Agatha, Afifah Nurulia
RIWAYAH Vol 11, No 2 (2025): Riwayah : Jurnal Studi Hadis
Publisher : Ilmu Hadis, Fakultas Ushuluddin, Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Sunan Kudus

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21043/riwayah.v11i2.34081

Abstract

This study compares the methodologies for validating āḥādḥadīth according to Imām al-Shāfiʿī (Sunni) and Shaykh al-Ṭūsī (Imāmī Shīʿī). A sociology of knowledge analysis demonstrates that the fundamental differences between the two systems are not merely technical, but rather reflect distinct social contexts and communal needs. The findings show that al-Shāfiʿī formulated universal criteria, such as the integrity (ʿadl) and precision (ḍabṭ) of transmitters, to unify a fragmented Muslim community during the Abbasid era. The system he developed functioned to centralize legal authority based on textual sources, thereby reinforcing Sunni identity as an integrated majority. In contrast, al-Ṭūsī developed a four-tier classification that associates the highest level of authority (ṣaḥīḥ) with Imāmī Shīʿī transmitters, while simultaneously positioning reason (ʿaql) as an independent evaluative filter. Al-Ṭūsī’s system served to maintain identity boundaries, safeguard doctrinal authority, and strengthen internal coherence within a minority community in the post-Occultation period. Both methodologies were subsequently institutionalized through their canonical works such as al-Risālah and al-Kutub al-Arbaʿah, thereby shaping enduring scholarly frameworks that persist until now. This study contributes by uncovering the sociological roots of epistemological differences in ḥadīth studies, demonstrating that religious knowledge authority is shaped by social dynamics such as majority integration and minority preservation. [Penelitian ini mengkomparasikan metodologi validasi hadis āḥād menurut Imam al-Shāfiʿī (Sunni) dan Shaykh al-Ṭūsī (Syiah Imamiyah). Analisis sosiologi pengetahuan menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan mendasar kedua sistem bukan semata teknis, melainkan refleksi dari konteks sosial dan kebutuhan komunal yang berbeda. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa al-Shāfiʿī merumuskan kriteria universal, seperti integritas (‘adl) dan ketelitian (ḍabṭ) periwayat, untuk menyatukan umat Muslim yang terfragmentasi di era Abbasiyah. Sistem yang dikembangkan al-Shafi’i berfungsi memusatkan otoritas hukum berbasis teks, memperkuat identitas Sunni sebagai mayoritas yang terintegrasi. Sebaliknya, al-Ṭūsī mengembangkan klasifikasi empat tingkat yang mengaitkan otoritas tertinggi (ṣaḥīḥ) dengan periwayat Syiah Imamiyah, sekaligus menempatkan nalar (‘aql) sebagai filter mandiri. Sistem yang dikembangkan al-Ṭūsī berfungsi menjaga batas identitas, melindungi otoritas doktrinal, dan memperkuat koherensi internal komunitas minoritas pasca okultasi Imam. Kedua metodologi tersebut kemudian terinstitusionalisasi melalui karya kanonik mereka berupa al-Risālah dan al-Kutub al-Arbaʿah, sehingga membentuk kerangka keilmuan yang bertahan hingga kini. Penelitian ini berkontriusi dengan mengungkap akar sosiologis dari perbedaan epistemologis dalam studi hadis, yakni menunjukkan bahwa otoritas pengetahuan agama dibentuk oleh dinamika sosial seperti integrasi mayoritas dan preservasi minoritas.]
The Dynamics of Quraysh Elite Conversion: A Comparative Study of Umar bin Khattab and Khalid bin Walid and Their Impact on Early Islamic Political and Military Structures Istifarin, Nur Annisa; Ichwayudi, Budi; Majeed, Rehana; Salim, Moh Fuad
Afkaruna: Indonesian Interdisciplinary Journal of Islamic Studies Vol. 22 No. 1: June 2026
Publisher : Fakultas Studi Islam dan Peradaban, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/afkaruna.v22i1.29665

Abstract

This research aims to analyze the dynamics of Quraysh elite conversion through a comparative study of Umar bin Khattab and Khalid bin Walid, focusing on their conversion processes, personal transformations, and institutional contributions to the formation of early Islamic power structures. This study employed a qualitative method utilizing the Political Sociology of Religion approach within the framework of Max Weber's thought, particularly focusing on the concepts of legitimation, authority, and the routinization of charisma. The findings revealed that the conversion of Umar bin Khattab and Khalid bin Walid was not merely a matter of individual religious transformation but also constituted an integral part of the political legitimation mechanism in early Islam. Umar's conversion occurred during the early phase of Islam and contributed to strengthening internal legitimacy and to the transformation toward a more rational and institutionalized political-administrative system. Meanwhile, Khalid's conversion occurred during a phase of power consolidation, strengthening the military as an instrument of expansion and stabilization. Comparatively, both figures demonstrate similar patterns of elite conversion in legitimacy transfer, yet differ in their historical contexts and in the forms of institutional contribution. This research concluded that Quraysh elite conversion constituted a crucial mechanism for the legitimation of power, while simultaneously driving the differentiation of political and military functions within the early Islamic state. Thus, this study affirms that the Islamization of elites not only expanded the socio-religious base but also played a significant role in the formation of an organized and expansive power structure.