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All Journal Afshaha: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra Arab Society
Hindun Hindun
Universitas Gadjah Mada
Humanities Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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Volatilitas Kebijakan dan Tantangan Normatif: Keterlibatan Amerika Serikat di Suriah (2011–2024) dan Rekonfigurasi Tata Kelola Global Wajid Fauzi; Ida Rochani Adi; Hindun Hindun
Society Vol 13 No 2 (2025): Society
Publisher : Laboratorium Rekayasa Sosial, Jurusan Sosiologi, FISIP Universitas Bangka Belitung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33019/society.v13i2.950

Abstract

The Syrian conflict, ongoing since 2011, has revealed the volatility of American foreign policy and raised critical normative questions for global governance. This article examines the trajectory of U.S. engagement in Syria from 2011 to 2024, emphasizing the dynamic interplay between evolving policy strategies and international norms. Utilizing a qualitative case study design that combines document analysis and process tracing, the study identifies three major phases: Obama’s ambivalent interventionism, Trump’s pragmatic retrenchment, and Biden’s selective return to multilateralism. The findings demonstrate that domestic political polarization, geopolitical rivalries involving Russia, Iran, and Turkey, and normative tensions surrounding sovereignty and humanitarian protection collectively shaped U.S. policy volatility. These oscillations undermined America’s credibility as a consistent norm entrepreneur, contributing to the erosion of unipolar governance structures. Consequently, the Syrian conflict has accelerated a transition toward multipolar and fragmented global governance, in which non-Western powers and non-state actors increasingly influence outcomes. The article argues that addressing policy volatility and normative fragmentation requires deeper engagement with regional powers and non-state actors while reinforcing multilateral frameworks to manage protracted crises in an era of multipolarity.
MASCULINITY PROTEST: REVEALING INFERIORITY IN MEN THROUGH NIZAR QABBANI’S ASYHADU ALLA IMRA’ATAN ILLA ANTI Shinta Fitria Utami; Hindun Hindun; Taufik Amin Nur Wijaya
Afshaha: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra Arab Vol 5, No 1 (2026): Afshaha: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra Arab
Publisher : Faculty of Humanities UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18860/afshaha.v5i1.37855

Abstract

Nizar Qabbani, a distinguished Arab poet from Syria, is widely recognized for his writing style, which, despite its linguistic simplicity, conveys profound meaning. Owing to this characteristic, his poetic works have garnered considerable scholarly attention within the field of Arabic literary studies. One of his notable poems, Asyhadu Alla Imra’atan Illa Anti, has frequently been examined for its thematic portrayal of love and womanhood. However, previous research has predominantly focused on the poem’s content, with limited attention given to the narrative voice—specifically, the first-person pronoun “I”—through which the poem’s message is articulated. This narrative persona, interpreted as a representation of the male subject, is portrayed as occupying a position of inferiority. This study aims to investigate the depiction of male inferiority within the poem. Employing a qualitative method, the research analyzes the text by collecting words, phrases, and sentences through note-taking techniques. The data are subsequently examined using a semiotic approach and content analysis, informed by Adlerian psychoanalytic theory. The findings suggest that the manifestation of male inferiority in the poem is closely linked to societal expectations imposed on men, particularly within the framework of patriarchal cultural structures.
Co-Authors Ida Rochani Adi Shinta Fitria Utami Taufik Amin Nur Wijaya Wajid Fauzi