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All Journal African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Open Access DRIVERset African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Open Access DRIVERset African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Open Access DRIVERset Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Open Access DRIVERset African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research African Journal of Medicine, Surgery and Public Health Research
Akem, Ingwu Joseph
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Environmental Science Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Materials Science & Nanotechnology Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health Social Sciences

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Effect of Jatropha Gossypiifolia Leaves in Wistar Albino Rats Against Gentamicin-Induced Biochemical Injury Umaru, Isaac John; Akafa, Tensaba Andes; Oteng, Joseph; Akem, Ingwu Joseph; Ngbede, Ocheifa Mathew; Utioukpan, Ashaka Fidelis; Mijinyawa, Aboki Nwunuji; Akam, Odok Endurance; Ekup, Ogholo Ogholo
African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/amjsai.v2i2.5186

Abstract

Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae), widely known as “bellyache bush,” is a medicinal plant largely used throughout Africa and America. Several human and veterinary uses in traditional medicine are described for different parts and preparations based on this plant. The protective potentials of ethanol leaf extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum against gentamicin induced biochemical injury in Wistar albino rats were evaluated using serum biochemical parameters. Twenty-five male albino rats were divided randomly into five groups A to E. Groups C and D received 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg Jatropha gossypiifolia leaves extract respectively. Groups A and B were fed with chow (normal and positive controls) while Group E received 100 mg/kg of Vitamin C. Biochemical injury was induced in rats in groups B-E with gentamicin (i.p) at the dose of 80 mg/kg body weight on the 16th day of study. The rats were then fasted for 48 h and sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Serum was collected for biochemical analysis using standard methods and analytical biochemical kits. There was a significant increase in the serum levels of AST, ALT and ALP of the rats administered with gentamicin (Group B - positive control) compared to the Group A- normal control. However, treatment of rats with 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight of ethanol leaf extract of Jatropha gossypiifolia L significantly decrease these biochemical parameters compared to Group B (p < 0.05). Also, there was a significant increase in the serum levels of conjugated bilirubin and total bilirubin in Group B compared to the normal control. Rat pre-treated with 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight of extract showed significant decrease in the conjugated and total bilirubin compared to the non-treated rats in Group B (p <0.05). Serum level of urea and creatinine significantly increased in Group B compared to normal control. Rats in groups C and D pre-treated with 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight of extract showed significant decrease in the levels of urea and creatinine compared to Group B (p <0.05). There was significant decrease in the serum levels of albumin and total protein of the rats administered with gentamicin compared to the normal control. Rats pre-treated with 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight of extract showed significant increase compared rats in non-treated Group B (p <0.05). The results obtained from this study shows that the ethanolic leaf extract of Jatropha gossypiifolia L has protective functions against gentamicin-induced hepatic and nephrotic damage in Wistar albino rats.
Estimation of Kidney Function and Haematological Parameters of Methanol Leaf Extract of Annona senegalensis on Diethyl Nitrosamine-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Rats Umaru, Isaac John; Absalom, Augustine; Udoh, Mary Athanasius; Omolara, Mosugu Ovayoza; Okang, Ogar Fonne; Akem, Ingwu Joseph; Tansaba, Akafa Andes; Frank, Otashu Kenneth; Philip, Shadrach
African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Vol 2 No 3 (2025): African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/amjsai.v2i3.7359

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of liver-related mortality worldwide, often linked to oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity induced by carcinogens such as diethylnitrosamine (DEN). This study investigates the biochemical and hematological effects of methanol leaf extract of Annona senegalensis on DEN-induced HCC in male albino rats. Thirty rats were divided into six groups: normal control, negative control (DEN-induced), positive control (DEN + silymarin), and three treatment groups receiving A. senegalensis extract at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and a combined regimen. DEN exposure significantly elevated serum biomarkers of liver damage, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and bilirubin. Treatment with A. senegalensis extract at 400 mg/kg markedly reduced ALT, AST, and ALP levels compared to the negative control, demonstrating hepatoprotective potential. Hematological analysis revealed a decline in white blood cell (WBC) count across treatment groups, suggesting possible immunosuppressive effects. Red blood cell (RBC) count and hemoglobin (HGB) levels decreased at 200 mg/kg but increased at 400 mg/kg, indicating a dose-dependent erythropoietic effect. Platelet (PLT) counts, elevated in the DEN-induced group, were normalized by the extract. These results suggest that A. senegalensis contains bioactive compounds with hepatoprotective and hematomodulatory activities. While higher doses improved liver function and hematological balance, the observed immunosuppressive tendencies highlight the need for further mechanistic studies. The findings support the therapeutic potential of A. senegalensis in hepatocellular carcinoma management, warranting future preclinical and clinical evaluation.
Assessment of HIV/AIDS Risk Behaviors among Secondary School Students in Adamawa State Umaru, Isaac John; Asare, Solomon O.; Danjuma, Tyem Lawal; Essien, Inemesit Samuel; Akem, Ingwu Joseph; Akpan, Usenobong Morgan; Salman, Julius Ishaya; Amoah, Kwabena Owusu; Tony-Enwin, Evelyn Ovenomo; Umaru, Hauwa A.; Ahmed, Maryam Usman
African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Vol 3 No 1 (2026): African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/amjsai.v3i1.9303

Abstract

Adolescents in Nigeria are increasingly exposed to HIV/AIDS risk behaviors due to socio-economic challenges, peer influence, and limited access to sexual health education, with secondary school students in Adamawa State particularly vulnerable to early sexual debut, multiple sexual partnerships, and inconsistent condom use. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of HIV/AIDS risk behaviors among secondary school students in Adamawa State, examine the socio-demographic factors associated with these behaviors, and evaluate students’ knowledge and perceptions of HIV/AIDS transmission and prevention. A cross-sectional survey design was employed involving 300 secondary school students selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire covering demographic characteristics, sexual behavior, substance use, and HIV/AIDS knowledge, and were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. The findings showed that 30% of students experienced peer pressure to engage in sex, 28% had already had sexual intercourse, 19% reported multiple sexual partners, 18.3% admitted inconsistent condom use, 14% used substances before sex, and 12% engaged in transactional sex. Knowledge gaps were also evident, as only 70% recognized condom use as a preventive measure and 25% incorrectly believed that HIV is curable. Socio-demographic factors, including age (18–19 years), male gender, senior class level, and single-parent family structure, were significantly associated with risky sexual behavior (p < .05). These findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive sexual education, peer mentorship programs, and improved access to sexual health resources in secondary schools. The study contributes contextual evidence on adolescent HIV vulnerability in Adamawa State and highlights the importance of addressing socio-demographic risk factors and misconceptions about HIV/AIDS to reduce risky behaviors and promote adolescent health.
Smoking Behaviors and Perceived Health Risks Among Out-of-School Youth in Tella, Taraba State Umaru, Isaac John; Asare, Solomon O.; Danjuma, Tyem Lawal; Essien, Inemesit Samuel; Akem, Ingwu Joseph; Yeboah, Genevieve A.; Salman, Julius Ishaya; Amoah, Kwabena Owusu; Jack, Precious Chioma; Umaru, Hauwa A.; Ahmed, Maayam Usman
African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Vol 3 No 2 (2026): African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/amjsai.v3i2.9472

Abstract

Tobacco use among adolescents remains a significant public health concern, particularly among out-of-school youth who often have limited access to formal health education and support systems. In response to anecdotal indications of increasing smoking behavior in Tella, this study aimed to assess the prevalence, patterns, and determinants of smoking among out-of-school youth, examine their perceptions of smoking-related health risks, and identify the socio-cultural and economic factors associated with tobacco use. A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted using structured questionnaires administered to a purposive sample of out-of-school youth aged 13–24 years, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented in tabular form. The findings showed that 58% of respondents were current tobacco users, with cigarettes as the most commonly used product (60%), while 40% reported initiating smoking before the age of 15. Although 70% acknowledged that smoking is harmful, only 35% could identify specific smoking-related diseases, and 45% believed that occasional smoking was not harmful. Peer pressure (60%) and stress related to unemployment (50%) emerged as the most frequently cited reasons for smoking. The respondent profile further indicated that most participants were male (65%), aged 17–21 years (58%), and characterized by high levels of unemployment (42%) and informal labor participation (30%). The study concludes that out-of-school youth in Tella are highly vulnerable to tobacco use due to the combined effects of limited education, economic hardship, peer influence, and cultural norms. These findings highlight the need for integrated interventions that combine health education, peer-based support, economic empowerment, and policy enforcement to reduce tobacco use and promote healthier lifestyles among this at-risk population.
Effect of Jatropha Gossypiifolia Leaves in Wistar Albino Rats Against Gentamicin-Induced Biochemical Injury Umaru, Isaac John; Akafa, Tensaba Andes; Oteng, Joseph; Akem, Ingwu Joseph; Ngbede, Ocheifa Mathew; Utioukpan, Ashaka Fidelis; Mijinyawa, Aboki Nwunuji; Akam, Odok Endurance; Ekup, Ogholo Ogholo
African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/amjsai.v2i2.5186

Abstract

Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae), widely known as “bellyache bush,” is a medicinal plant largely used throughout Africa and America. Several human and veterinary uses in traditional medicine are described for different parts and preparations based on this plant. The protective potentials of ethanol leaf extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum against gentamicin induced biochemical injury in Wistar albino rats were evaluated using serum biochemical parameters. Twenty-five male albino rats were divided randomly into five groups A to E. Groups C and D received 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg Jatropha gossypiifolia leaves extract respectively. Groups A and B were fed with chow (normal and positive controls) while Group E received 100 mg/kg of Vitamin C. Biochemical injury was induced in rats in groups B-E with gentamicin (i.p) at the dose of 80 mg/kg body weight on the 16th day of study. The rats were then fasted for 48 h and sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Serum was collected for biochemical analysis using standard methods and analytical biochemical kits. There was a significant increase in the serum levels of AST, ALT and ALP of the rats administered with gentamicin (Group B - positive control) compared to the Group A- normal control. However, treatment of rats with 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight of ethanol leaf extract of Jatropha gossypiifolia L significantly decrease these biochemical parameters compared to Group B (p < 0.05). Also, there was a significant increase in the serum levels of conjugated bilirubin and total bilirubin in Group B compared to the normal control. Rat pre-treated with 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight of extract showed significant decrease in the conjugated and total bilirubin compared to the non-treated rats in Group B (p <0.05). Serum level of urea and creatinine significantly increased in Group B compared to normal control. Rats in groups C and D pre-treated with 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight of extract showed significant decrease in the levels of urea and creatinine compared to Group B (p <0.05). There was significant decrease in the serum levels of albumin and total protein of the rats administered with gentamicin compared to the normal control. Rats pre-treated with 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight of extract showed significant increase compared rats in non-treated Group B (p <0.05). The results obtained from this study shows that the ethanolic leaf extract of Jatropha gossypiifolia L has protective functions against gentamicin-induced hepatic and nephrotic damage in Wistar albino rats.
Estimation of Kidney Function and Haematological Parameters of Methanol Leaf Extract of Annona senegalensis on Diethyl Nitrosamine-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Rats Umaru, Isaac John; Absalom, Augustine; Udoh, Mary Athanasius; Omolara, Mosugu Ovayoza; Okang, Ogar Fonne; Akem, Ingwu Joseph; Tansaba, Akafa Andes; Frank, Otashu Kenneth; Philip, Shadrach
African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Vol 2 No 3 (2025): African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/amjsai.v2i3.7359

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of liver-related mortality worldwide, often linked to oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity induced by carcinogens such as diethylnitrosamine (DEN). This study investigates the biochemical and hematological effects of methanol leaf extract of Annona senegalensis on DEN-induced HCC in male albino rats. Thirty rats were divided into six groups: normal control, negative control (DEN-induced), positive control (DEN + silymarin), and three treatment groups receiving A. senegalensis extract at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and a combined regimen. DEN exposure significantly elevated serum biomarkers of liver damage, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and bilirubin. Treatment with A. senegalensis extract at 400 mg/kg markedly reduced ALT, AST, and ALP levels compared to the negative control, demonstrating hepatoprotective potential. Hematological analysis revealed a decline in white blood cell (WBC) count across treatment groups, suggesting possible immunosuppressive effects. Red blood cell (RBC) count and hemoglobin (HGB) levels decreased at 200 mg/kg but increased at 400 mg/kg, indicating a dose-dependent erythropoietic effect. Platelet (PLT) counts, elevated in the DEN-induced group, were normalized by the extract. These results suggest that A. senegalensis contains bioactive compounds with hepatoprotective and hematomodulatory activities. While higher doses improved liver function and hematological balance, the observed immunosuppressive tendencies highlight the need for further mechanistic studies. The findings support the therapeutic potential of A. senegalensis in hepatocellular carcinoma management, warranting future preclinical and clinical evaluation.
Effect of Aqueous Extract of Achyranthes aspera Leaves on Antiretroviral Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats Umaru, Isaac John; Udoh, Mary Athanasius; Akafa, Tensaba Andes; Oteng, Joseph; Akem, Ingwu Joseph; Ngbede, Ocheifa Mathew; Utioukpan, Ashaka Fidelis; Mijinyawa, Aboki Nwunuji; Ekup, Ogholo Ogholo
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v2i2.5183

Abstract

Achyranthes aspera leaves are believed to reverse drug resistance and increase the efficacy of current drugs. Achyranthes aspera leaves contain many secondary metabolites needed for the redressal of diseases and ailment. Thus, the ART-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Methodology: Thirty (30) albino rats were divided into 5 groups of 6 each and treated as follows: Group A (no antiretroviral drugs, no extract); group B (antiretroviral drugs alone); group C (extract alone); group D (antiretroviral drug plus 40 mg/kg extract); group E (antiretroviral drug plus 80 mg/kg extract). All treatment lasted for twenty-eight days. Blood samples were collescted and serum ALT and AST determined using UV-spectrophotometer. The mean (± S.E.M) of data were calculated and further analysed for statistical significance using graph Pad Prism 5.0. Results: Mean serum ALT were 36.8 ± 20.24, 56.11 ± 6.12, 54.6 ± 24.18, 90.40 ± 11.14, 88.36 ± 13.10 and that of AST were 143.8 ± 20.24, 208.4 ± 16.13, 60.0 ± 24.18, 164.40 ± 11.14, 52.36 ± 16.14 for groups A, B, C, D, and E respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the mean values of serum AST for group B and those for group C. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the ALT values for the test and control groups of rats (p value >0.999) Also, there was no statistically significant difference between the mean values of AST for group B and those of groups A, D, E. Conclusions: This extract at a higher concentration should add to the treatment of HIV in synergy with antiviral drugs, However, the extract shown no significant reduction of serum ALT and AST in ART treated rats.
Effect of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Annona senegalensis on Lipid Profile and Kidney Function in Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Rats Umaru, Isaac John; Adamu, Usman Lukman; Omolara, Mosugu Ovayoza; Okang, Ogar Fonne; Akem, Ingwu Joseph; Tansaba, Akafa Andes; Philip, Shadrach; Frank, Otashu Kenneth
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 2 No 3 (2025): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v2i3.7363

Abstract

Liver cancer remains a major global health burden, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) being the most common form and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Its progression is often accompanied by metabolic and renal dysfunction, complicating treatment outcomes. While conventional therapies such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted drug treatments offer benefits, they are frequently associated with high toxicity and adverse side effects. This discussion highlights the potential of Annona senegalensis as a safer alternative for managing HCC-related complications, particularly in the context of lipid metabolism and renal function. Evidence from experimental studies suggests that the ethanolic leaf extract of A. senegalensis significantly improves lipid profiles by reducing cholesterol levels from 368.57 ± 1.72 in the negative control group to 266.40 ± 0.88, 217.46 ± 0.82, and 182.24 ± 1.20 at 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg doses, respectively, while maintaining favorable HDL levels at higher doses. These findings indicate the extract’s potential to enhance lipid metabolism, lower cardiovascular risk, and provide renal protection during liver cancer progression. Beyond its biochemical effects, the study reinforces the growing relevance of integrating traditional medicinal plants into modern healthcare frameworks as complementary therapeutic options. Overall, A. senegalensis demonstrates promising hepatoprotective, metabolic, and nephroprotective effects, warranting further investigation into its bioactive compounds and clinical applicability.
Exploring the Use of Antenatal and Maternity Services by Mothers Engaged in Child Welfare Programs in Michika LGA, Adamawa State Umaru, Isaac John; Asare, Solomon O.; Danjuma, Tyem Lawal; Salman, Julius Ishaya; Akem, Ingwu Joseph; Yeboah, Genevieve A.; Akumia, Prince Osei; Umaru, Hauwa A.; Ahmed, Maryam Usman
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 3 No 1 (2026): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v3i1.9302

Abstract

Maternal health remains a critical public health concern in Nigeria, where high rates of maternal morbidity and mortality persist despite ongoing interventions. This study aimed to assess the level of awareness and utilization of maternal health services among women in Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria, to identify key barriers to service uptake, and to evaluate the influence of child welfare programs on antenatal care utilization. A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted among 250 women of reproductive age using structured questionnaires. Data were collected on socio-demographic characteristics, antenatal and maternity service utilization, barriers to access, and participation in child welfare programs, and were analyzed using descriptive statistics to generate frequencies and percentages. The findings showed that 85% of respondents were aware of antenatal services and 80% attended antenatal care during their last pregnancy; however, only 30% completed more than four visits. Skilled birth attendance was reported by 68% of respondents, whereas 16% delivered at home or with traditional birth attendants, and 60% received post-natal care. The major barriers to service utilization included distance to health facilities (60%), financial constraints (44%), lack of transportation (36%), poor attitude of health workers (28%), cultural and religious beliefs (24%), and lack of awareness (16%). In addition, women who participated in child welfare programs were 30% more likely to utilize antenatal services. These findings indicate that, despite relatively high awareness, maternal health service utilization remains suboptimal because of intersecting structural, economic, and sociocultural barriers. The study underscores the need to strengthen health infrastructure, improve transportation access, subsidize care, and expand community-based interventions, while also addressing cultural beliefs and health worker attitudes to improve maternal health outcomes in rural Nigeria.
Prevalence of Malnutrition Among Children Under Five in Iware, Taraba State Umaru, Isaac John; Asare, Solomon O.; Danjuma, Tyem Lawal; Ayi, Atsu; Akem, Ingwu Joseph; Akpan, Usenobong Morgan; Salman, Julius Ishaya; Hassan, George Okra; Ahmed, Maryam Usman; Umaru, Hauwa A.
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 3 No 2 (2026): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v3i2.9473

Abstract

Malnutrition remains a major public health challenge in Nigeria, particularly among children under five years of age, with serious consequences for morbidity, mortality, cognitive development, and long-term human capital. In rural communities such as Iware, Taraba State, this burden is intensified by poverty, poor feeding practices, limited access to healthcare, and low caregiver education. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight among children aged 0–59 months in Iware and to examine the associations between nutritional status and socio-economic factors, including household income, caregiver education, feeding practices, and recent illness episodes, while also assessing the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding and vitamin A supplementation. A cross-sectional design was employed, with a sample size estimated using Cochran’s formula at 200–400 children. A multistage sampling technique was used in which households were randomly selected and eligible children were stratified by age group. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire on socio-demographic characteristics, feeding practices, and household conditions, alongside anthropometric measurements of weight, height/length, and mid-upper arm circumference, with nutritional status classified according to WHO Growth Standards. Data collection was conducted over 2–4 weeks by trained enumerators following a pilot study, and the data were analyzed using SPSS and STATA through descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression. The findings revealed a high prevalence of malnutrition, with stunting at 35%, underweight at 30%, and wasting at 25%. Although 60% of children were exclusively breastfed and 65% had received vitamin A supplementation, 42.5% had experienced recent illness. Socio-economic findings further showed that 72.5% of households earned below ₦30,000 per month and that 20% of caregivers had no formal education. Statistical analysis indicated significant associations between malnutrition and low household income, poor caregiver education, and inadequate complementary feeding practices (p < 0.05). The study concludes that malnutrition among children under five in Iware is driven by the combined effects of chronic poverty, limited maternal education, suboptimal feeding practices, and frequent illness. These findings underscore the need for multi-sectoral interventions focused on nutrition education, economic empowerment, improved healthcare access, and community-based strategies tailored to rural populations.
Co-Authors Abbas, Khalid Yahuza Absalom, Augustine Adamu, Usman Lukman Ahmed, Maayam Usman Ahmed, Maryam Usman Akafa, Tensaba Andes Akam, Odok Endurance Akpan, Usenobong Morgan Akumia, Prince Osei Amoah, Kwabena Owusu Asare, Solomon O. Ayi, Atsu Chukwudi, Eluu Emmanuel Danjuma, Tyem Lawal Efongwa, Emmanuel Ekunyi, Agbo Chibuike Ekup, Ogholo Ogholo Eno, Gomba Victoria Essien, Inemesit Samuel Frank, Otashu Kenneth Hassan, George Okra Ikira, Usman Jack, Precious Chioma Mijinyawa, Aboki Nwunuji Mona, Etah Hope Ngbede, Ocheifa Mathew Okang, Ogar Fonne Omanchi, Emmanuel Olofu Omolara, Mosugu Ovayoza Oteng, Joseph Philemon, Panah Philip, Shadrach Salman, Julius Ishaya Shadrach, Katchin Evelyn Tansaba, Akafa Andes Tony-Enwin, Evelyn Ovenomo Udoh, Mary Athanasius Umaru, Hauwa A. Umaru, Isaac John Utioukpan, Ashaka Fidelis Yeboah, Genevieve A.