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Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Co-Infection with Salmonella typhi in Wukari North-East Nigeria Brown, Samuel Tamunoiyowuna Cockeye; Onyemaechi, Eze Emmanuel; Mohammed, Ikrimah Usman; Yahaya, Tanko Saadatu
African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/amjsai.v2i2.5384

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and typhoid fever remain significant public health concerns, particularly in resource-limited settings where sanitation and healthcare infrastructure are inadequate. This study investigated the prevalence of HBV, Salmonella typhi, and their co-infection among febrile patients attending the General Outpatient Department (GOPD) of Federal University Teaching Hospital, Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria. A total of 50 patients aged 15–65 years were recruited, and blood samples were analyzed using serological assays for HBV and Widal tests for Salmonella typhi detection. The study found an overall HBV prevalence of 30%, with males (37%) having a higher prevalence than females (21.7%). The prevalence of Salmonella typhi was 44%, with females (52.2%) showing a higher infection rate than males (37%). The co-infection rate of HBV and typhoid was 12%, with males (18.5%) exhibiting a higher burden than females (4.3%). The highest HBV prevalence was observed in individuals aged 31–40 years (34.7%), while typhoid was most prevalent in the 20–30 years (71.4%) and 41–50 years (70%) age groups. Co-infection was most common in the 31–40 years (21.7%) group. The findings suggest that gender, age, and exposure to risk factors such as poor hygiene and unsafe practices contribute to the high prevalence of these infections. The study underscores the need for enhanced public health interventions, including vaccination, improved sanitation, health education, and regular screening programs to mitigate the spread of HBV and typhoid fever.

Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Co-Infection with Salmonella typhi in Wukari North-East Nigeria Brown, Samuel Tamunoiyowuna Cockeye; Onyemaechi, Eze Emmanuel; Mohammed, Ikrimah Usman; Yahaya, Tanko Saadatu
African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/amjsai.v2i2.5384

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and typhoid fever remain significant public health concerns, particularly in resource-limited settings where sanitation and healthcare infrastructure are inadequate. This study investigated the prevalence of HBV, Salmonella typhi, and their co-infection among febrile patients attending the General Outpatient Department (GOPD) of Federal University Teaching Hospital, Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria. A total of 50 patients aged 15–65 years were recruited, and blood samples were analyzed using serological assays for HBV and Widal tests for Salmonella typhi detection. The study found an overall HBV prevalence of 30%, with males (37%) having a higher prevalence than females (21.7%). The prevalence of Salmonella typhi was 44%, with females (52.2%) showing a higher infection rate than males (37%). The co-infection rate of HBV and typhoid was 12%, with males (18.5%) exhibiting a higher burden than females (4.3%). The highest HBV prevalence was observed in individuals aged 31–40 years (34.7%), while typhoid was most prevalent in the 20–30 years (71.4%) and 41–50 years (70%) age groups. Co-infection was most common in the 31–40 years (21.7%) group. The findings suggest that gender, age, and exposure to risk factors such as poor hygiene and unsafe practices contribute to the high prevalence of these infections. The study underscores the need for enhanced public health interventions, including vaccination, improved sanitation, health education, and regular screening programs to mitigate the spread of HBV and typhoid fever.

Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts of Daniella oliveri Stem Bark on Selected Clinical Isolates Brown, Samuel Tamunoiyowuna Cockeye; Mohammed, Ikrimah Usman; Adam, Habiba Idris
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v1i1.3465

The utilization of medicinal plants in therapy has gained popularity due to increased trust in herbal medicine, attributed to properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antipyretic effects conferred by phytochemicals present in them. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Daniella oliveri stem bark against clinical isolates. The sample was air dry at room temperature for 7 days. Exactly 400 g of the air dried samples was weighed and soaked in 1000 mL each of ethanol and water respectively for 72 hours and were extracted using decoction method. The ethanol and aqueous extracts of the bark of the Daniella oliveri was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp., Klebsiella pneumonia and Planococcus glaciei isolates. The ethanol extract of the bark was inhibitory against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp. and Klebsiella pneumonia with the highest zone of inhibition of 14±0.00 mm, 17±10.6 mm and 25±10.5 respectively, while the aqueous extracts of bark was active against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp. and Klebsiella pneumonia with zone of inhibition of 14±0.00 mm, 13±10.4 mm and 25±0.00 respectively. MICs ranged from 50 mg/mL to 25 mg/mL for ethanol and 100 mg/mL to 25 mg/mL for aqueous extracts, with no activity observed at 200 mg/mL. MBC results were observed at 100 mg/mL and 200 mg/mL for ethanol and aqueous extracts respectively. The study concluded that Daniella oliveri possesses significant antibacterial activities, supporting its traditional use. Further research is warranted to purify and utilize the active inhibitory substance as an alternative treatment for infections associated with the test organisms.

Environmental Risk Assessment of Microplastics in Water and Sediments along Ibi Troughs North-East Nigeria Adam, Habiba Idris; Oluwale, Otitoju; Adebisi, Arowora Kayode; Umaru, Isaac John; Mohammed, Ikrimah Usman; Joseph, Iornenge Terungwa
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v1i1.3471

This study aimed to evaluate the risk associated with microplastics along river Ibi. Water and sediment samples were collected from five (5) sites each along river Ibi 100m apart. The surface sediment was sampled in all cases to approximately 5-cm depth using a Van Veen grab (25 cm2). Microplastics particles were identified using Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The FTIR spectra of the water and sediment showed bands and wave numbers of between 3275 cm-1 and 1033 cm-1 as the prominent peaks. The peaks at these frequencies were strong, broad and medium, which suggest the presence of compounds with the functional groups of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, amines, alkyl halide, nitro compound, carbonyl bond, carboxylic acids and alcohols in the samples. The review analysis also shows that various polymer types have been covered in the studies polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyamide (PA), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Polyethylene (PE) and Polypropylene (PP) is the dominant polymer types found in all environmental matrices. Non-carcinogenic risk assessment shows hazard indices above one at every sampling location in river Ibi, indicating that drinking water from these water bodies may present serious health risks, including cardiovascular and non-carcinogenic health issues. The results obtained from this study showed that water from the sampling locations are not suitable for human consumption and also confirm the presence of microplastic in river Ibi.

RETRACTED: Assessment of Microplastics in Water and Sediment of River Benue Troughs, Benue State, Nigeria Adam, Idris Habiba; Mohammed, Ikrimah Usman; Umaru, Isaac John
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 1 No 2 (2024): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v1i2.3816

Microplastics (MPs) are emerging environmental contaminants with significant ecological and health implications. This study investigates the presence and risks of microplastics (MPs) in the River Benue, Nigeria, using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Water and sediment samples were collected from five locations along the river, with FTIR analysis revealing key functional groups such as alcohols, alkenes, amines, and carbonyls. Specifically, water samples from one site showed peaks at 3320 cm⁻¹ (O-H stretch, indicating alcohols) and 1640 cm⁻¹ (C=C stretch, indicating alkenes), while another site exhibited peaks at 3264 cm⁻¹ (N-H stretch, indicating amines) and 1640 cm⁻¹ (C=C stretch, indicating alkenes). Sediment samples showed significant peaks at 3622 cm⁻¹ (O-H stretch, indicating alcohols and phenols) and 2326 cm⁻¹ (C=N stretch, indicating nitriles). The Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Risk Quotient (RQ) analyses confirmed varying levels of microplastic contamination, with potential environmental and health risks due to the leaching of toxic additives. The study underscores the need for continuous monitoring, stricter pollution control, and public education to mitigate microplastic pollution in this vital waterway.

Comparative Study on the Proximate and Amino Acids Levels in Selected Edible Mushroom Species Adebisi, Arowora Kayode; Joseph, Iornenge Terungwa; Adams, Idris Habiba; Mohammed, Ikrimah Usman; David, Bando Christopher; Efoseh, Danlami; Umaru, Isaac John
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v2i2.5892

Mushrooms represent an ancient group of heterotrophic organisms classified under Thallophytae, and based on their chemical composition and utility, they are broadly categorized as edible or poisonous. Edible mushrooms can further be divided into wild and cultivated types. This study compares the amino acid profiles and proximate compositions of two edible mushrooms, tea tree mushroom (Agrocybe aegerita) and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), collected from Takum Local Government Area of Taraba State, Nigeria. Freshly harvested samples were air-dried for three days, pulverized, and subjected to amino acid analysis using isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and proximate analysis following standard protocols from the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Results showed that Agrocybe aegerita exhibited higher concentrations of amino acids compared to Pleurotus ostreatus, with a non-significant decrease (p > 0.05) observed in Pleurotus ostreatus for essential and non-essential amino acids including lysine, methionine, threonine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, histidine, arginine, serine, cysteine, tyrosine, alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, and proline. Conversely, Pleurotus ostreatus demonstrated slightly higher values in proximate components such as carbohydrate, fiber, ash, and moisture, whereas Agrocybe aegerita showed higher but non-significant values in protein, fat, and energy content. The study concludes that Agrocybe aegerita is nutritionally superior in terms of amino acid composition, while Pleurotus ostreatus is marginally better in proximate nutritional content, supporting their complementary roles in dietary applications.

Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts of Daniella oliveri Stem Bark on Selected Clinical Isolates Brown, Samuel Tamunoiyowuna Cockeye; Mohammed, Ikrimah Usman; Adam, Habiba Idris
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v1i1.3465

The utilization of medicinal plants in therapy has gained popularity due to increased trust in herbal medicine, attributed to properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antipyretic effects conferred by phytochemicals present in them. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Daniella oliveri stem bark against clinical isolates. The sample was air dry at room temperature for 7 days. Exactly 400 g of the air dried samples was weighed and soaked in 1000 mL each of ethanol and water respectively for 72 hours and were extracted using decoction method. The ethanol and aqueous extracts of the bark of the Daniella oliveri was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp., Klebsiella pneumonia and Planococcus glaciei isolates. The ethanol extract of the bark was inhibitory against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp. and Klebsiella pneumonia with the highest zone of inhibition of 14±0.00 mm, 17±10.6 mm and 25±10.5 respectively, while the aqueous extracts of bark was active against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp. and Klebsiella pneumonia with zone of inhibition of 14±0.00 mm, 13±10.4 mm and 25±0.00 respectively. MICs ranged from 50 mg/mL to 25 mg/mL for ethanol and 100 mg/mL to 25 mg/mL for aqueous extracts, with no activity observed at 200 mg/mL. MBC results were observed at 100 mg/mL and 200 mg/mL for ethanol and aqueous extracts respectively. The study concluded that Daniella oliveri possesses significant antibacterial activities, supporting its traditional use. Further research is warranted to purify and utilize the active inhibitory substance as an alternative treatment for infections associated with the test organisms.

Environmental Risk Assessment of Microplastics in Water and Sediments along Ibi Troughs North-East Nigeria Adam, Habiba Idris; Oluwale, Otitoju; Adebisi, Arowora Kayode; Umaru, Isaac John; Mohammed, Ikrimah Usman; Joseph, Iornenge Terungwa
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v1i1.3471

This study aimed to evaluate the risk associated with microplastics along river Ibi. Water and sediment samples were collected from five (5) sites each along river Ibi 100m apart. The surface sediment was sampled in all cases to approximately 5-cm depth using a Van Veen grab (25 cm2). Microplastics particles were identified using Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The FTIR spectra of the water and sediment showed bands and wave numbers of between 3275 cm-1 and 1033 cm-1 as the prominent peaks. The peaks at these frequencies were strong, broad and medium, which suggest the presence of compounds with the functional groups of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, amines, alkyl halide, nitro compound, carbonyl bond, carboxylic acids and alcohols in the samples. The review analysis also shows that various polymer types have been covered in the studies polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyamide (PA), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Polyethylene (PE) and Polypropylene (PP) is the dominant polymer types found in all environmental matrices. Non-carcinogenic risk assessment shows hazard indices above one at every sampling location in river Ibi, indicating that drinking water from these water bodies may present serious health risks, including cardiovascular and non-carcinogenic health issues. The results obtained from this study showed that water from the sampling locations are not suitable for human consumption and also confirm the presence of microplastic in river Ibi.

Comparative Study on the Proximate and Amino Acids Levels in Selected Edible Mushroom Species Adebisi, Arowora Kayode; Joseph, Iornenge Terungwa; Adams, Idris Habiba; Mohammed, Ikrimah Usman; David, Bando Christopher; Efoseh, Danlami; Umaru, Isaac John
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v2i2.5892

Mushrooms represent an ancient group of heterotrophic organisms classified under Thallophytae, and based on their chemical composition and utility, they are broadly categorized as edible or poisonous. Edible mushrooms can further be divided into wild and cultivated types. This study compares the amino acid profiles and proximate compositions of two edible mushrooms, tea tree mushroom (Agrocybe aegerita) and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), collected from Takum Local Government Area of Taraba State, Nigeria. Freshly harvested samples were air-dried for three days, pulverized, and subjected to amino acid analysis using isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and proximate analysis following standard protocols from the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Results showed that Agrocybe aegerita exhibited higher concentrations of amino acids compared to Pleurotus ostreatus, with a non-significant decrease (p > 0.05) observed in Pleurotus ostreatus for essential and non-essential amino acids including lysine, methionine, threonine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, histidine, arginine, serine, cysteine, tyrosine, alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, and proline. Conversely, Pleurotus ostreatus demonstrated slightly higher values in proximate components such as carbohydrate, fiber, ash, and moisture, whereas Agrocybe aegerita showed higher but non-significant values in protein, fat, and energy content. The study concludes that Agrocybe aegerita is nutritionally superior in terms of amino acid composition, while Pleurotus ostreatus is marginally better in proximate nutritional content, supporting their complementary roles in dietary applications.

Hygienic Status and Microbial Profile of Locally Produced Fermented Milk in Wukari North-East, Nigeria Mohammed, Ikrimah Usman; Brown, Samuel Tamunoiyowuna Cockeye; Onyemaechi, Emmanuel
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v2i2.5386

Background: Milk and its derivatives are widely consumed for their nutritional benefits; however, their improper handling and processing can lead to contamination with pathogenic microorganisms, posing significant public health risks. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the microbial quality of locally fermented milk products, sold in Wukari, North-East, Nigeria. Methods: A total of fifteen (15) fermented milk samples were collected from five different retail locations and analyzed for microbial contamination using standard microbiological techniques. Results: The results revealed high levels of bacterial contamination across all sampling sites, with total viable counts ranging from 0.3 × 10⁶ to 2.4 × 10⁶ CFU/mL. Coliform bacteria, including Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, were detected, indicating fecal contamination and poor sanitary conditions during processing and distribution. Staphylococcus aureus, a major foodborne pathogen, was identified in 27.1% of the total bacterial isolates, highlighting a potential risk of food poisoning. Other bacterial isolates included Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter spp., and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the unhygienic handling of fermented milk contributes to its microbial contamination, making it unfit for human consumption. This study emphasizes the need for improved hygiene practices, proper pasteurization, and strict regulatory measures to ensure the safety of locally produced dairy products. Public awareness campaigns should be conducted to educate dairy vendors and consumers about the health risks associated with contaminated milk.

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