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Comparative Study on the Proximate Composition and Amino Acid Levels in Chanterelle (Cantharellus cibarius) and Wood Ear (Auricularia auricula) Mushroom Samples Adebisi, Arowora Kayode; Abah, Moses Adondua; Ugwuoke, Kenneth Chinekwu; Dooshima, Arowora Mercy; Ndoma, Odi Raphael; Okani, Precious Chizaram; Ominisan, Kimi Smith; Gbadebo, Adetoyi Moses; Olamilekan, Aliyu Najeeb; Kwame, Asare Bernard
Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS Vol 2 No 3 (2024): Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/mikailalsys.v2i3.4052

Mushrooms have been consumed by mankind for millennia. They are macrofungi with a distinctive fruiting body which can be hypogeous or epigeous, large enough to be seen with unaided eyes. They are not widely consumed due to lack of information on its nutritive value. Therefore, this research was carried out to compare the proximate gross energy composition as well as amino acids levels in two selected edible mushrooms (Cantharellus cibarius and Auricularia auricula). Fully matured species of Chanterelle mushroom (Cantherellus cibarius) and Wood ear mushroom (Auricularia auricula) were collected from different parts of Southern and Northern Cross River; Ikom and Bekwara precisely. The collected samples were air dried for 5 days and then stored in transparent polythene bag for analysis. The dried and stored mushroom were pounded to powdered form and then subjected to amino acid analysis using isocratic HPLC and proximate analysis for proximate composition using the standard methods of Association of Official Analytical Chemist (AOAC). The results of this research showed that chanterelle mushroom has high concentration of amino acids compared to Wood ear mushroom. However, there was significant differences (p<0.05) in the levels of isoleucine in both mushrooms. There were no significant differences in the proximate composition and gross energy levels of both mushroom species. Some of the amino acids detected in both mushrooms were: methionine, threonine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, histidine, arginine, aspartic acid, glycine, alanine and glutamic acid. Based on the findings of this study, the two edible mushrooms were observed to have appreciable levels of gross energy and amino acids. However, Chanterelle mushroom had higher protein composition than wood ear. Hence, it can be concluded that Chanterelle mushroom has greater nutritive value and more suitable for consumption.

Physicochemical Characterisation and Nutritional Evaluation of Oils from Selected Underutilised Oilseeds Jivini, Za’aku Salvation; Adebisi, Arowora Kayode; Joseph, Ikwebe
Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Vol 2 No 4 (2024): Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstea.v2i4.3304

The study investigated the physicochemical and nutritional parameters of selected underutilized oilseeds: African oil bean seed, tea seed, African locust bean seed, castor seed, cotton seed and tomato seed. The six oilseed samples were collected from different sources in Nigeria. The seed samples were treated with drying, dehulling and grinding, before they were analysed for the physicochemical and nutritional parameters. The physicochemical parameters determined were: iodine value, peroxide value, free fatty acid, acid value, saponification value, refractive index, specific gravity and pH. The nutritional parameters included: vitamins, minerals, amino acids profile, crude protein and fatty acid profile. The acidity or alkalinity of the oils analysed were measured, the protein contents were analysed using Kjeldahl method, while amino acids determination, fatty acid profile together with water and fat soluble vitamins were determined using Isocratic high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), minerals were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometers (AAS). Findings in this study revealed that oils with iodine value less than 100 gI2/100g of oil are considered non-drying oils. Therefore, all the oils in this study are considered to be non-drying oils because their iodine values were less than 100g. Therefore, non-drying oils are not suitable for ink and paint production due to their non-drying characteristics. All the oils analysed in this study were considered fresh because their perioxide values are less than 10 mEq/kg. Fatty acids profile had significance diferences in all the columns. The findings in this study revealed the physicochemical and the nutritional levels of oils from the samples analysed which showed that they all have appreciable nutrient levels which are good for human consumption. The level of protein and essential amino acids are generally higher in Tea seeds oil than other samples analysed. It was further revealed that tea seed oil had highest amount of essential amino acids for lysine, methionine, leucine, tryptophan, threonine and arginine. However African oil bean seed had the highest amount of vitamins A, B2, C, and K and also had the highest level of sodium and potassium.

In-Vitro Estimation of Total Phenolic, Flavonoid, Antioxidant Contents and Determination of Flavonoid, Amino Acid, and Vitamin Profiles of Ethanol Seed Extract of Annona squamosa Linn Yakubu, Ojochenemi Ejeh; Audu, Jankada Patience; Adebisi, Arowora Kayode
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v1i1.3470

The aim of this research is to analyse the flavonoid, amino acid, and vitamin profiles of ethanol seed extract of Annona squamosa using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The fruits of Annona squamosa were collected from Takum, Taraba State, the seeds were removed from the fruit washed with water, dried in the shade and then pulverized into fine powder. For the crude extraction, the method adopted by Yakubu et al. (2020) was adopted for this protocol. The IC50 of the seed was found to be 3.87. The total flavonoid content was significantly higher (182.76±0.61) compared with the total phenolic compound (70.34±3.04). A reliable detection and peak resolution were obtained from the HPLC analysis. The result showed the presence of nine amino acids, which include; Threonine (9.6%), Phenyl Alanine (17.0%), Aspartic Acid (26.0 %), Glutamic acid (16.0%), Leucine (5.7%), Iso-Leucine (5.3%), Glycine (5.0 %), Arginine (2.3), Glutamine (13.2%), three vitamins; vitamin K (0.4%), vitamin B1(63.0 %) and B3 (36.6%), and three flavonoid compounds Trolox (0.2%), Quercetin (2.1%) and Coumaric acid (97.7%) in plant sample. The phytochemical study confirms that the seed of Annona squamosa rich sources of amino acids such as and these herbal raw materials can exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities.

Environmental Risk Assessment of Microplastics in Water and Sediments along Ibi Troughs North-East Nigeria Adam, Habiba Idris; Oluwale, Otitoju; Adebisi, Arowora Kayode; Umaru, Isaac John; Mohammed, Ikrimah Usman; Joseph, Iornenge Terungwa
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v1i1.3471

This study aimed to evaluate the risk associated with microplastics along river Ibi. Water and sediment samples were collected from five (5) sites each along river Ibi 100m apart. The surface sediment was sampled in all cases to approximately 5-cm depth using a Van Veen grab (25 cm2). Microplastics particles were identified using Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The FTIR spectra of the water and sediment showed bands and wave numbers of between 3275 cm-1 and 1033 cm-1 as the prominent peaks. The peaks at these frequencies were strong, broad and medium, which suggest the presence of compounds with the functional groups of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, amines, alkyl halide, nitro compound, carbonyl bond, carboxylic acids and alcohols in the samples. The review analysis also shows that various polymer types have been covered in the studies polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyamide (PA), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Polyethylene (PE) and Polypropylene (PP) is the dominant polymer types found in all environmental matrices. Non-carcinogenic risk assessment shows hazard indices above one at every sampling location in river Ibi, indicating that drinking water from these water bodies may present serious health risks, including cardiovascular and non-carcinogenic health issues. The results obtained from this study showed that water from the sampling locations are not suitable for human consumption and also confirm the presence of microplastic in river Ibi.

Effects of Ethanolic Extracts of Fruits of Acacia nilotica and Flowers of Calotropis procera on Liver Function of Aspirin-Induced Male Albino Rats Ismail, Muhammad Zuhairah; Chinedu, Imo; Adebisi, Arowora Kayode; Philip, Shadrach; Mohammed, Rashida Ismail; Umaru, Isaac John; Iseko, Kingsley Iyoko; Istifanus, Dafup Katdel
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v1i1.3675

This study examined the effects of ethanolic extracts of fruits of Acacia nilotica and flowers of Calotropis procera on the liver function of male albino rats. Acacia nilotica fruits and Calotropis procera flowers are commonly consumed by natives in northern Nigeria for therapeutic purposes. Eighty-four (84) healthy male albino rats were used for this study. The animals were randomly distributed into six groups of ten animals each, while 24 rats were used for lethal dose (LD50) analysis. The animals were administered ethanolic extracts of fruits of Acacia nilotica and flowers of Calotropis procera for 5 and 14 days respectively after induction with aspirin. The study was carried out in two phases: The animals were induced with 500 mg/kg body weight of aspirin 12 hours before the commencement of the experiment, the test animals were administered ethanolic extract of fruit of Acacia nilotica and flowers of Calotropis procera for 5 and 14 days and sacrificed at the end of each test phase respectively, blood was collected for biochemical analysis. The liver was harvested at the end of each phase, processed for histological investigation and photomicrographs taken. The result of liver function parameters showed that the mean values of alanine transaminase (ALT) after five-day of treatment decreased non-significantly (p>0.05) in groups 4, 5 and 6 and decreased significantly (p<0.05) in group 4 when compared to normal control. Also, ALT increased significantly (p<0.05) in group 2. There was a general decreasing trend in the mean values of aspartate transaminase (AST) across all groups except group 2. The mean values of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) decreased significantly (p<0.05) in all groups, but increased non-significantly in group 2. The same trend was observed in the values of ALT, AST, and ALP after 14 days of treatment. Photomicrograph of the liver section of normal rats showed normal central vein, sinusoids and hepatocytes as well as that of the treated animals. Photomicrograph of liver section of rat administered aspirin only showed slightly dilated portal triad after five days. The study suggests that the ethanolic extracts from fruits of Acacia nilotica and flowers of Calotropis procera may have active ingredients that are capable of improving some liver functions.

Comparative Study on the Phytochemical and Micronutrients Levels in Selected Edible Mushroom Samples Abah, Moses Adondua; Adebisi, Arowora Kayode; Moses, Iyekekpolor Osamudiame; Dooshima, Arowora Mercy; Umaru, Isaac John; Uchechukwu, Ukoh Daniel; Timothy, Mgbede
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v1i1.3707

Edible mushrooms have been known to possess various phytochemical and micro nutrient levels. Edible mushrooms can be eaten and they supply nutritional benefits to the human body system. It is not widely consumed mainly due to paucity of information about it. Therefore, this research was conducted to compare the phytochemicals and micronutrients levels in two selected edible mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus and Agrocybe aegerita). Fully matured mushroom species of Oyster and Tea tree mushroom were collected, air dried and then stored in transparent polythene bags. Quantitative determination of phytochemicals and micronutrients (minerals and vitamins) present was carried out. Tea tree mushroom used in this research can be said to have the higher concentration of phytochemicals (phenols and poly-phenols), as there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in Oyster mushroom in comparison to Tea tree mushroom for phenols and poly-phenols. The results obtained from this research indicated that there was no significant decrease(p>0.05) in Oyster mushroom in comparison to Tea tree mushroom for Sodium, Iron, Magnesium, Selenium, Manganese. While there was a non-significant increase (p>0.05) in Oyster mushroom in comparison to Tea tree mushroom for Potassium, Calcium, Phosphorus, Copper. Tea tree mushroom had higher composition of vitamins A and C than oyster mushroom which were not significantly different (p>0.05). The findings in this study revealed that Tea tree mushroom (Agrocybe aegerita) is slightly better than Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) based on their phytochemicals and micronutrients (minerals and vitamins).

Comparative Study on the Proximate and Amino Acids Levels in Selected Edible Mushroom Species Adebisi, Arowora Kayode; Joseph, Iornenge Terungwa; Adams, Idris Habiba; Mohammed, Ikrimah Usman; David, Bando Christopher; Efoseh, Danlami; Umaru, Isaac John
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v2i2.5892

Mushrooms represent an ancient group of heterotrophic organisms classified under Thallophytae, and based on their chemical composition and utility, they are broadly categorized as edible or poisonous. Edible mushrooms can further be divided into wild and cultivated types. This study compares the amino acid profiles and proximate compositions of two edible mushrooms, tea tree mushroom (Agrocybe aegerita) and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), collected from Takum Local Government Area of Taraba State, Nigeria. Freshly harvested samples were air-dried for three days, pulverized, and subjected to amino acid analysis using isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and proximate analysis following standard protocols from the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Results showed that Agrocybe aegerita exhibited higher concentrations of amino acids compared to Pleurotus ostreatus, with a non-significant decrease (p > 0.05) observed in Pleurotus ostreatus for essential and non-essential amino acids including lysine, methionine, threonine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, histidine, arginine, serine, cysteine, tyrosine, alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, and proline. Conversely, Pleurotus ostreatus demonstrated slightly higher values in proximate components such as carbohydrate, fiber, ash, and moisture, whereas Agrocybe aegerita showed higher but non-significant values in protein, fat, and energy content. The study concludes that Agrocybe aegerita is nutritionally superior in terms of amino acid composition, while Pleurotus ostreatus is marginally better in proximate nutritional content, supporting their complementary roles in dietary applications.

In-Vitro Estimation of Total Phenolic, Flavonoid, Antioxidant Contents and Determination of Flavonoid, Amino Acid, and Vitamin Profiles of Ethanol Seed Extract of Annona squamosa Linn Yakubu, Ojochenemi Ejeh; Audu, Jankada Patience; Adebisi, Arowora Kayode
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v1i1.3470

The aim of this research is to analyse the flavonoid, amino acid, and vitamin profiles of ethanol seed extract of Annona squamosa using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The fruits of Annona squamosa were collected from Takum, Taraba State, the seeds were removed from the fruit washed with water, dried in the shade and then pulverized into fine powder. For the crude extraction, the method adopted by Yakubu et al. (2020) was adopted for this protocol. The IC50 of the seed was found to be 3.87. The total flavonoid content was significantly higher (182.76±0.61) compared with the total phenolic compound (70.34±3.04). A reliable detection and peak resolution were obtained from the HPLC analysis. The result showed the presence of nine amino acids, which include; Threonine (9.6%), Phenyl Alanine (17.0%), Aspartic Acid (26.0 %), Glutamic acid (16.0%), Leucine (5.7%), Iso-Leucine (5.3%), Glycine (5.0 %), Arginine (2.3), Glutamine (13.2%), three vitamins; vitamin K (0.4%), vitamin B1(63.0 %) and B3 (36.6%), and three flavonoid compounds Trolox (0.2%), Quercetin (2.1%) and Coumaric acid (97.7%) in plant sample. The phytochemical study confirms that the seed of Annona squamosa rich sources of amino acids such as and these herbal raw materials can exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities.

Environmental Risk Assessment of Microplastics in Water and Sediments along Ibi Troughs North-East Nigeria Adam, Habiba Idris; Oluwale, Otitoju; Adebisi, Arowora Kayode; Umaru, Isaac John; Mohammed, Ikrimah Usman; Joseph, Iornenge Terungwa
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v1i1.3471

This study aimed to evaluate the risk associated with microplastics along river Ibi. Water and sediment samples were collected from five (5) sites each along river Ibi 100m apart. The surface sediment was sampled in all cases to approximately 5-cm depth using a Van Veen grab (25 cm2). Microplastics particles were identified using Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The FTIR spectra of the water and sediment showed bands and wave numbers of between 3275 cm-1 and 1033 cm-1 as the prominent peaks. The peaks at these frequencies were strong, broad and medium, which suggest the presence of compounds with the functional groups of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, amines, alkyl halide, nitro compound, carbonyl bond, carboxylic acids and alcohols in the samples. The review analysis also shows that various polymer types have been covered in the studies polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyamide (PA), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Polyethylene (PE) and Polypropylene (PP) is the dominant polymer types found in all environmental matrices. Non-carcinogenic risk assessment shows hazard indices above one at every sampling location in river Ibi, indicating that drinking water from these water bodies may present serious health risks, including cardiovascular and non-carcinogenic health issues. The results obtained from this study showed that water from the sampling locations are not suitable for human consumption and also confirm the presence of microplastic in river Ibi.

Effects of Ethanolic Extracts of Fruits of Acacia nilotica and Flowers of Calotropis procera on Liver Function of Aspirin-Induced Male Albino Rats Ismail, Muhammad Zuhairah; Chinedu, Imo; Adebisi, Arowora Kayode; Philip, Shadrach; Mohammed, Rashida Ismail; Umaru, Isaac John; Iseko, Kingsley Iyoko; Istifanus, Dafup Katdel
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v1i1.3675

This study examined the effects of ethanolic extracts of fruits of Acacia nilotica and flowers of Calotropis procera on the liver function of male albino rats. Acacia nilotica fruits and Calotropis procera flowers are commonly consumed by natives in northern Nigeria for therapeutic purposes. Eighty-four (84) healthy male albino rats were used for this study. The animals were randomly distributed into six groups of ten animals each, while 24 rats were used for lethal dose (LD50) analysis. The animals were administered ethanolic extracts of fruits of Acacia nilotica and flowers of Calotropis procera for 5 and 14 days respectively after induction with aspirin. The study was carried out in two phases: The animals were induced with 500 mg/kg body weight of aspirin 12 hours before the commencement of the experiment, the test animals were administered ethanolic extract of fruit of Acacia nilotica and flowers of Calotropis procera for 5 and 14 days and sacrificed at the end of each test phase respectively, blood was collected for biochemical analysis. The liver was harvested at the end of each phase, processed for histological investigation and photomicrographs taken. The result of liver function parameters showed that the mean values of alanine transaminase (ALT) after five-day of treatment decreased non-significantly (p>0.05) in groups 4, 5 and 6 and decreased significantly (p<0.05) in group 4 when compared to normal control. Also, ALT increased significantly (p<0.05) in group 2. There was a general decreasing trend in the mean values of aspartate transaminase (AST) across all groups except group 2. The mean values of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) decreased significantly (p<0.05) in all groups, but increased non-significantly in group 2. The same trend was observed in the values of ALT, AST, and ALP after 14 days of treatment. Photomicrograph of the liver section of normal rats showed normal central vein, sinusoids and hepatocytes as well as that of the treated animals. Photomicrograph of liver section of rat administered aspirin only showed slightly dilated portal triad after five days. The study suggests that the ethanolic extracts from fruits of Acacia nilotica and flowers of Calotropis procera may have active ingredients that are capable of improving some liver functions.

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