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Isnainar Isnainar
Tadulako University
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health

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Phylogenetic Analysis of Sulawesi Endemic Butterfly Papilio blumei Using the COI (Cytochrome Oxidase I) Gene Rizkia Khairunnisa; I Made Budiarsa; Isnainar Isnainar; Manap Trianto; Yulia Windarsih; Fatmah Dhafir
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.845-852

Abstract

Phylogenetics is a method used to study and analyze evolutionary relationships among living organisms. In phylogenetic studies, organisms that share similar traits or characteristics are considered to have close evolutionary relationships, as they are assumed to have originated from a common ancestor. Papilio blumei is characterized by wings with a bright, iridescent green coloration. This study aimed to describe the phylogenetic relationship of P. blumei based on the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Sampling was conducted using a roaming (exploratory) method. DNA was isolated using the GS 100gSYNCTM DNA Extraction Kit. DNA amplification was performed using COI primers (LCO1490 forward and HCO2198 reverse) through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DNA electrophoresis was carried out using 1% agarose gel, a UV transilluminator, and a gel documentation system. Data were analyzed using GeneStudio, DnaSP, BLAST, DNASTAR, and MESQUITE software, and phylogenetic reconstruction was performed using the Neighbor-Joining and Maximum Likelihood methods in MEGA 11 with the Kimura 2-parameter model and 10,000 bootstrap replications. The results showed that the DNA samples had a 99.50% identity with the reference sequences in GenBank. Genetic variation analysis revealed two haplotypes with haplotype diversity (hd = 0.600 ± 0.175) and nucleotide diversity (phi = 0.00051 ± 0.00015). Phylogenetic tree reconstruction formed a single monophyletic cluster of P. blumei with bootstrap values ranging from 99% to 100%. A genetic distance of 0.00% among populations from Central Sulawesi (PBPSST.1, PBPSST.2, PBPSST.3), North Sulawesi (JQ982056.1), and South Sulawesi (JQ982058.1) confirms that all P. blumei samples have very close genetic relationships.
Density of Araceae in the River Basin Area of Lawua Village, South Kulawi District, Sigi Regency Nurfitriani Nurfitriani; Samsurizal M Suleman; Moh Sabran; Isnainar Isnainar; Amalia Buntu; Musdalifah Nurdin
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.655-661

Abstract

Araceae are herbaceous plants belonging to the monocotyledonous group of Angiosperms. They exhibit distinct morphological characteristics in their roots, stems, and leaves, and are generally herbaceous, with plant heights ranging from 90 to 180 cm. These plants hold significant economic and ecological value, as they are utilized as ornamental plants, food sources, and medicinal resources. This study aimed to identify and analyze the density of Araceae in the river basin area of Lawua Village, South Kulawi District, Sigi Regency. The research employed a descriptive qualitative and quantitative approach, with sampling conducted using the belt transect method across three different observation stations. Observations involved counting and recording the number of individuals of each Araceae species within the transect paths. Additionally, each species was documented, and samples were collected for identification based on their morphological characteristics, followed by density analysis. Overall, the study identified 16 Araceae species across 11 genera. These genera include: Alocasia (1 species), Colocasia (3 species), Dieffenbachia (1 species), Epipremnum (1 species), Homalomena (1 species), Pistia (1 species), Rhaphidophora (1 species), Scindapsus (2 species), Schismatoglottis (3 species), Spathiphyllum (1 species), and Syngonium (1 species). The overall density ranged from low to moderate, between 7 and 1,737 individuals, with abiotic conditions including an average temperature of 28 °C, humidity of 62.33%, light intensity of 2,998 Cd, and soil pH of 5.9. These findings provide valuable baseline data for the conservation and sustainable management of Araceae species in tropical riverine ecosystems.
Co-Authors Fatmah Dhafir I Made Budiarsa Manap Trianto Musdalifah Nurdin Nurfitriani Nurfitriani Rizkia Khairunnisa Sabran , Moh. Samsurizal, M. Sulaeman Yulia Windarsih