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Diversity and Composition of Insect Species Associated with Natural Rattan Habitats in Namo Village, Kulawi, Central Sulawesi Musdalifah Nurdin; Samsurizal M Suleman; Syech Zainal; Moh Sabran; Raya Agni; Manap Trianto
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 14, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1289-1295

Tropical forest ecosystems are home to diverse insect communities that play essential ecological roles, including pollination, decomposition, and nutrient cycling. Among the key forest plants, rattan (Arecaceae) provides both ecological and economic benefits and serves as an important microhabitat for various insect species. This study aimed to identify and analyze the diversity of insect species associated with natural rattan habitats in Namo Village, Kulawi District, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Insect sampling was carried out using sweep nets, pitfall traps, and yellow pan traps along rattan-dominated forest transects. A total of 125 individual insects were collected, representing 7 orders, 28 families, and 37 species. The order Hymenoptera showed the highest abundance (41.6%), dominated by Formicidae and Apidae families, followed by Coleoptera (25.6%) and Diptera (17.6%). The Shannon–Wiener Diversity Index (H’ = 2.84) indicated moderate species diversity with high evenness (E = 0.83). Functionally, the insect community consisted of pollinators (38.2%), herbivores (25.4%), decomposers (19.6%), and predators (16.8%). These findings demonstrate that natural rattan ecosystems support diverse and functionally balanced insect assemblages, reflecting stable ecological conditions and minimal anthropogenic disturbance. Conserving natural rattan stands is therefore crucial for maintaining biodiversity and sustaining ecological functions such as pollination and decomposition within tropical forest ecosystems.

Identification of Escherichia coli in Ice Dawet Sold in the Palu City Area Yosphita Sevianti; I Nengah Kundera; Musdalifah Nurdin; Yulia Windarsih; Abdul Ashari; Mohammad Jamhari
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.795-801

Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative bacterium from the family Enterobacteriaceae found in the human body and is used as an indicator of hygiene in water, food, or beverages. The purpose of this study was to identify the presence of E. coli in ice dawet sold in the Palu City area. This study used a descriptive-exploratory design with the Most Probable Number (MPN) method, Total Plate Count (TPC), and biochemical testing using Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA) medium. Samples were collected from five locations in the Palu City area using simple random sampling. Based on the results, the Most Probable Number (MPN) test produced an average value of 18.700 MPN/mL of sample, while the Total Plate Count (TPC) test showed an average value of 26.800 CFU/mL of sample, indicating that the samples did not meet the standards set by the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) under the Ministry of Health, which states that the maximum allowable microbial contamination in beverages is 0/100 mL. Confirmatory tests on Eosin Methylene Blue Agar showed colony growth with a metallic green sheen and reddish coloration, characteristic of Gram-negative bacilli. The results of the Triple Sugar Iron Agar biochemical test were positive, indicating biochemical characteristics consistent with E. coli. Therefore, the findings confirm the presence of E. coli in the analyzed samples.

Identification of Lichen Based on Substrate in Bale Village, Tanantovea District, Donggala Regency Adrian Adrian; Lilies Lilies; Lestari MP Alibasyah; Bustamin Bustamin; Syech Zainal; Musdalifah Nurdin
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.605-611

Lichens are associations between fungi and photosynthetic symbionts, such as algae or cyanobacteria, that form stable and specialized thallus structures. The fungi that predominantly compose the lichen body belong to the Ascomycetes, while the algal partners contribute to the overall structure. This association enhances the ability of both fungi and algae to survive in suboptimal environmental conditions because the thallus structure, physiology, and chemical synthesis of lichens differ from those of the individual fungi or algae that constitute them. Lichens are lower plants that occur in various habitats worldwide and dominate terrestrial ecosystems, covering approximately 8% of the Earth’s land surface. Globally, around 20,000 lichen species have been reported, whereas in Indonesia, 595 species or about 3% of the world’s total have been documented. This study aimed to identify lichen species based on their substrates in the Bale Village area, Tanantovea District, Donggala Regency. The sampling method used was the exploration method. Lichen samples were collected from various substrates, followed by direct macroscopic observations to identify the species obtained. Research sites were determined using purposive sampling, selected based on the environmental conditions and the diversity of substrates where lichens grow. Three locations were designated as research stations: Station 1 (residential area), Station 2 (forest and river area, partly used as a tourist site), and Station 3 (forest area and local plantations). The results of this study identified 10 lichen species belonging to 5 families and found on 3 types of substrates. Environmental parameter measurements at the research sites showed an average temperature of 27.66°C, air humidity of 66%, and light intensity of 828.66 cd. These values indicate warm, humid conditions with moderate to highlight intensity conditions generally optimal for the growth and development of lichens.

Density of Araceae in the River Basin Area of Lawua Village, South Kulawi District, Sigi Regency Nurfitriani Nurfitriani; Samsurizal M Suleman; Moh Sabran; Isnainar Isnainar; Amalia Buntu; Musdalifah Nurdin
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.655-661

Araceae are herbaceous plants belonging to the monocotyledonous group of Angiosperms. They exhibit distinct morphological characteristics in their roots, stems, and leaves, and are generally herbaceous, with plant heights ranging from 90 to 180 cm. These plants hold significant economic and ecological value, as they are utilized as ornamental plants, food sources, and medicinal resources. This study aimed to identify and analyze the density of Araceae in the river basin area of Lawua Village, South Kulawi District, Sigi Regency. The research employed a descriptive qualitative and quantitative approach, with sampling conducted using the belt transect method across three different observation stations. Observations involved counting and recording the number of individuals of each Araceae species within the transect paths. Additionally, each species was documented, and samples were collected for identification based on their morphological characteristics, followed by density analysis. Overall, the study identified 16 Araceae species across 11 genera. These genera include: Alocasia (1 species), Colocasia (3 species), Dieffenbachia (1 species), Epipremnum (1 species), Homalomena (1 species), Pistia (1 species), Rhaphidophora (1 species), Scindapsus (2 species), Schismatoglottis (3 species), Spathiphyllum (1 species), and Syngonium (1 species). The overall density ranged from low to moderate, between 7 and 1,737 individuals, with abiotic conditions including an average temperature of 28 °C, humidity of 62.33%, light intensity of 2,998 Cd, and soil pH of 5.9. These findings provide valuable baseline data for the conservation and sustainable management of Araceae species in tropical riverine ecosystems.

Diversity of Mangrove Plant Species Used as Food Resources by the Community in Lalombi Village Asnawar Asnawar; Samsurizal M Suleman; Moh Sabran; Musdalifah Nurdin; Vita Indri Febriani; Abd Hakim Laenggeng
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1247-1253

Mangroves are distinctive plants that grow in coastal areas, estuaries, river mouths, and sheltered deltas in tropical and subtropical regions. The economic value of mangrove plants lies in their wood and fruit. This study aimed to identify the potential of mangrove plants as food resources in Lalombi Village. The research employed observation, interviews, and questionnaire distribution to local communities. The results revealed that five mangrove species are utilized as food resources, namely Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh., Nypa fruticans Wurmb, Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lamk., Acanthus ilicifolius L., and Sonneratia alba. These species are processed into various food products, including mangrove onde-onde, mangrove syrup, mangrove crackers, mangrove tea, and mangrove dodol. The processing methods involve traditional techniques such as soaking, boiling, filtering, pounding, drying, and packaging. Questionnaire results indicated that the local community possesses a very good level of knowledge and positive perceptions regarding the potential of mangroves as food resources and sources of economic income. Support from the government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) was considered beneficial, although challenges remain in terms of technology, marketing, and product legalization. This study recommends the provision of further training, policy support, and the promotion and sustainable development of mangrove-based products to enhance the welfare of coastal communities.

Effect of Moringa oleifera Leaf Flour Addition on Iron (Fe) and Vitamin A Levels of Crackers as a Healthy Snack Suriyanti Suriyanti; Abd Hakim Laenggeng; Musdalifah Nurdin; Masrianih Masrianih; I Nengah Kundera; Yulia Windarsih
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1213-1221

Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf crackers are an innovative food product that can be utilized as a nutritious snack. Moringa is widely recognized as a superfood due to its high nutritional value, including proteins, vitamins, and minerals that provide various health benefits. In the context of improving community dietary patterns, these crackers may serve as a healthier snack alternative. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Moringa oleifera leaf supplementation in increasing the iron (Fe) and vitamin A contents of crackers as a healthy snack alternative. The analyses were conducted using a spectrophotometric method with standard calibration curves to determine iron and vitamin A concentrations. The treatments consisted of different concentrations of Moringa leaf powder: 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. The results showed that the addition of Moringa leaf powder significantly increased the iron content, from 0.67 mg/100 g in the control treatment to 3.05 mg/100 g at the highest concentration. Vitamin A content also increased with increasing levels of Moringa leaf supplementation, although the trend was not entirely linear due to the effects of processing on compound stability. The standard calibration curves demonstrated a linear relationship between concentration and absorbance, indicating that the analytical method was valid. These findings suggest that the incorporation of Moringa oleifera leaf powder effectively enhances the nutritional quality of crackers, particularly in terms of iron and vitamin A content, making them a promising healthy snack option.

Phenetic Relationships of Ferns Based on Morphological Characteristics in an Oil Palm Plantation of Tampaure Hamlet Tiara Tiara; Lestari M.P Alibasyah; Yulia Windarsih; Musdalifah Nurdin; Manap Trianto; Vita Indri Febriani
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1231-1237

Ferns (Pteridophyta) are a group of vascular plants that reproduce by spores and possess true roots, stems, and leaves, as well as xylem and phloem tissues. This study was conducted to investigate the phenetic relationships among fern species based on their morphological characteristics in an oil palm plantation located in Tampaure Hamlet, Bambaira District, Pasangkayu Regency, West Sulawesi, Indonesia. A field exploration method was employed, and samples were collected using a free-collection technique. Morphological data were compiled using Microsoft Excel and subsequently analyzed through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) in PAST version 4.03. A total of 50 individuals representing 10 fern species were identified from both terrestrial and epiphytic habitats, namely Sphaerostephanos heterocarpus, Diplazium dilatatum, Davallia denticulata, Asplenium nidus, Selaginella delicatula, Pityrogramma calomelanos, Stenochlaena palustris, Lygodium circinatum, Nephrolepis biserrata, and Pteris wallichiana. The UPGMA analysis revealed that Pteris wallichiana and Sphaerostephanos heterocarpus exhibited the closest phenetic relationship, with a similarity index of 0.88. In contrast, the most distant relationship was observed between Selaginella delicatula and Asplenium nidus, with a similarity index of 0.63. The PCA biplot analysis demonstrated that the major variation distinguishing fern species in the study area was primarily influenced by meristic traits, particularly the number of fertile pinnae, as well as overall plant size. These morphological characteristics contributed substantially to species differentiation and the phenetic grouping pattern observed among the investigated fern species.

NaCl Accumulation in Leaves of Two Salt-Secreting Mangrove Species in Sarudu Village, Pasangkayu Regency, Indonesia Ilma Sahira; Isnainar Isnainar; Vita Indri Febriani; Musdalifah Nurdin; Amalia Buntu; Astija Astija
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1239-1245

Mangroves are coastal vegetation with a high capacity to adapt to their environment, characterized by distinctive and unique root systems. This study aimed to determine the accumulation of salt (NaCl) in the leaves of two salt-secreting mangrove species in Sarudu Village, Pasangkayu Regency. The research employed a quantitative descriptive approach, with samples collected through a survey. Salt accumulation data were obtained through argentometric titration using the Mohr method. Environmental measurements in the mangrove forest of Sarudu Village showed an average air temperature of 30°C, salinity ranging from 29 to 30 ppt, and pH values between 7.0 and 7.1. The results indicated that the highest average salt accumulation in the leaves of Aegiceras corniculatum was recorded at Station 3 (6.08%), while the lowest was found at Station 1 (3.07%). Similarly, in Avicennia lanata, the highest NaCl accumulation was observed at Station 3 (5.33%), whereas the lowest occurred at Station 1 (2.92%). Station 3 exhibited the highest percentage of salt accumulation among all sampling stations, likely because it was located in a coastal area that was frequently inundated by seawater to a depth of approximately 20 cm.

Effect of Moringa oleifera Leaf Flour Supplementation on Magnesium (Mg) and Potassium (K) Contents of Crackers as a Nutritious Snack Desi Desi; Abd Hakim Laenggeng; Masrianih Masrianih; Musdalifah Nurdin; Raya Agni; I Nengah Kundera
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1337-1344

Moringa oleifera leaf flour is recognized as a local food ingredient rich in essential minerals, particularly magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K), which play important roles in various physiological functions of the human body. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf flour supplementation on the magnesium and potassium contents of crackers. The research employed an experimental approach using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of four treatments: 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% Moringa oleifera leaf flour supplementation, with two replications for each treatment. Magnesium and potassium contents were quantitatively determined using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. The data were analyzed using One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that increasing concentrations of Moringa oleifera leaf flour tended to increase the magnesium and potassium contents of the crackers, with magnesium levels ranging from 0.06 to 0.09 mg/g and potassium levels ranging from 0.79 to 1.93 mg/g. However, statistical analysis revealed that the addition of Moringa oleifera leaf flour did not significantly affect magnesium content (p = 0.377), whereas it had a significant effect on potassium content (p = 0.001). These findings indicate that magnesium and potassium responded differently to the fortification process. Therefore, Moringa oleifera leaf flour demonstrates considerable potential as a fortification ingredient, particularly for enhancing potassium content in crackers as a nutritious snack alternative.

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