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All Journal Journal of Power, Energy, and Control Applied Engineering, Innovation, and Technology
Yaw Amankrah Sam-Okyere
Norfolk State University, United States
Automotive Engineering Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Control & Systems Engineering Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Mechanical Engineering

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Advanced Control Strategies for Frequency Stabilization of a Synchronous Generator in a Modern Grid Yaw Amankrah Sam-Okyere; Emmanuel Osei-Kwame; Isaac Papa Kwesi Arkorful; Ebenezer Armah; Nutifafa Tsikata
Journal of Power, Energy, and Control Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : MSD Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62777/pec.v3i1.92

Abstract

The stability and reliability of modern power systems are critically dependent on maintaining a nominal frequency. The increasing integration of non-synchronous renewable energy sources (RES) has led to a significant reduction in system inertia, making the grid more susceptible to rapid frequency excursions and a high Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF) following disturbances. This research investigates frequency stabilization of a synchronous generator connected to an infinite bus, modeled through the swing equation and linearized at the unstable operating point. A state-space representation of the system is derived, and its controllability and observability are verified to enable modern control design. Two approaches are implemented: full-state feedback (FSF) and observer-based output feedback using a Luenberger observer. Controller gains are designed via pole placement to achieve desired closed-loop dynamics, while observer poles are chosen to be faster to ensure rapid state estimation. Simulation results demonstrate that both controllers stabilize the otherwise unstable generator, with the observer-based feedback offering faster frequency recovery when only partial state measurements are available. A comparative analysis of rotor angle and frequency trajectories shows that FSF ensures robustness when full measurements are accessible. At the same time, the observer-based design provides a practical solution under realistic measurement limitations. The results confirm that advanced control strategies can effectively stabilize low-inertia power systems.
Future Directions in Semiconductor Processing: Scaling, Integration, and the Sustainability Imperative Ramatu Al-hassan; Edmun Dasori Azundow; Yaw Amankrah Sam-Okyere; Emmanuel Osei-Kwame; Nii Ayitey Freddie Aryee
Applied Engineering, Innovation, and Technology Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : MSD Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62777/aeit.v3i1.97

Abstract

The global semiconductor industry has navigated a period of intense innovation and systemic challenges between 2020 and 2025. Driven by the exponential demands of Artificial Intelligence (AI), 5G/6G communication, and high-performance computing (HPC), the sector has pursued a dual strategy of continued transistor scaling and sophisticated heterogeneous integration. This review systematically analyzes the critical advancements and challenges within this period. We detail the fundamental architectural shift from FinFET to Gate-All-Around (GAA) transistors, enabling the 3-nanometer (nm) and 2-nm nodes, and the adoption of Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) lithography for High-Volume Manufacturing (HVM). Concurrently, advanced packaging techniques, such as hybrid bonding and the standardization of chiplet architectures via the Universal Chiplet Interconnect Express (UCIe), have emerged as indispensable means to circumvent planar scaling limits. Economically, the industry has contended with escalating capital expenditure (CapEx) and the severe global chip shortage (2020–2023), prompting widespread government intervention, notably through the U.S. CHIPS Act and the EU Chips Act. Crucially, the review addresses the intensifying sustainability mandate, examining the challenges posed by high-Global Warming Potential (GWP) gas emissions, soaring water consumption, and the necessary transition toward circular economy principles within the fabrication environment. The findings underscore that future progress is contingent upon balancing relentless performance demands with resilient supply chains and comprehensive environmental stewardship.
Co-Authors Ebenezer Armah Edmun Dasori Azundow Emmanuel Osei-Kwame Isaac Papa Kwesi Arkorful Nii Ayitey Freddie Aryee Nutifafa Tsikata Ramatu Al-hassan