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All Journal Journal of Research on English and Language Learning (J-REaLL) e-Journal of ELTS (English Language Teaching Society)
Ernitasari Mulyadi
Universitas Muhammadiyah Palu
Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Social Sciences Other

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PRIVATE SPEECH IN ADULT FOREIGN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: MECHANISMS, IMPLICATIONS, AND PATTERNS AMONG TERTIARY LEARNERS Rahayu Prasetyaningsih; Ernitasari Mulyadi; Dewi Rara Amiati; Hasriana
e-Journal of ELTS (English Language Teaching Society) Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Tadulako University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22487/elts.v13i3.6144

Abstract

This research investigates the mechanisms of private speech in adult foreign language acquisition, particularly English language, focusing on how tertiary learners utilize self-directed talk to manage cognitive load during motor-language tasks. The study aims to identify the specific triggers, behavioral patterns, and self-regulatory functions of private speech when learners are required to coordinate physical actions with real-time English narration. Employing a qualitative phenomenological design, the study involved five sophomore students at Universitas Muhammadiyah Palu who participated in an Action-Sequence Protocol followed by Video-Stimulated Recall Interviews (SRI). Data were analyzed through observation of behavioral markers and thematic condensation of interview reflections. Results indicate that private speech acts as a vital cognitive bridge, manifesting through three primary functions: iterative planning for task management, affective self-soothing to mitigate frustration, and spontaneous error monitoring. Findings reveal a dichotomy in strategies, where some learners externalize cognitive load through audible whispering while others internalize it through prolonged pausing. These results prove that hesitation and mumbling in adult learners are sophisticated self-regulatory strategies rather than linguistic deficiencies. The study implies a necessary paradigm shift in tertiary pedagogy, suggesting that educators should recognize and encourage private speech as a legitimate scaffolding tool to reduce speaking anxiety and foster learner autonomy in English language context. These insights establish a foundation for future exploration into culturally integrated speaking tasks and longitudinal pedagogical interventions. Keywords: Private Speech; Action-Sequence; Foreign Language Acquisition; Tertiary Learners; Self-Regulation
The Profile of 21st Century Skills on Students with Diverse Learning Preferences in EFL Classroom Ismail Manangkari; Ernitasari Mulyadi; Abdah Abdah; Dewi Rara Amiati; Nurul Khasanah
e-Journal of ELTS (English Language Teaching Society) Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Tadulako University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22487/elts.v13i3.6387

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the profile of 21st-century skills among students with diverse learning preferences in an EFL classroom and to identify learning patterns associated with different learning preference groups. This study employed a qualitative descriptive design involving 17 students enrolled. Data were collected through classroom observations and semi-structured interviews conducted over the course of the study. Classroom observations focused on students’ participation, interactions, problem-solving behaviors, communication practices, and creative contributions during learning activities. The interviews were conducted to gain deeper insights into students’ learning experiences, preferred learning strategies, and perceptions of their own skill development. To ensure the credibility and trustworthiness of the findings, data were analyzed using triangulation techniques by comparing and cross-checking information obtained from observations and interview responses. The findings revealed that all participants demonstrated evidence of the four dimensions of 21st-century skills; however, the degree and manner in which these skills were expressed varied according to students’ learning preferences. Visual learners predominantly demonstrated creativity through visual representation, innovative project development, and the use of diagrams, images, and multimedia tools to convey ideas. Auditory learners exhibited stronger communication skills, characterized by active participation in classroom discussions, effective verbal interactions, and confidence in expressing opinions and responding to peers. Read/write learners showed higher levels of critical thinking through analytical reading, reflective writing, information synthesis, and the evaluation of arguments and evidence. Meanwhile, kinesthetic learners displayed stronger collaboration skills through active engagement in experiential learning tasks, group projects, and hands-on activities that required teamwork and collective problem-solving.
Exploring MALL and AI integration in EFL: Impacts on speaking skills and learners’ motivation Andi Mappewali; Fikriani A. Omolu; Ernitasari Mulyadi; Ismail Manangkari; Raga Driyan Pratama
Journal of Research on English and Language Learning (J-REaLL) Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026): Journal of Research on English and Language Learning (J-REaLL)
Publisher : Universitas Islam Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33474/j-reall.v7i1.24221

Abstract

While mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) and artificial intelligence (AI) are known to enhance EFL learning, there exists a deficiency in comprehending their exact influence on discrete speaking sub-skills. This study addresses this gap by providing a granular analysis of how the AI-powered application ELSA Speak affects specific aspects of speaking proficiency and motivation. Employing a quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest design over six weeks, 20 Indonesian EFL learners were divided into an experimental group (n=10) using ELSA Speak and a control group (n=10) receiving conventional instruction. The results showed a notable enhancement in the speaking abilities of the experimental group, with statistical significance (t(9) = 6.025, p < .001), whereas the control group showed no significant improvement. The mean score for the experimental group increased from 58.6 to 68.7, with fluency showing the most substantial gain (+18.3 points), followed by intonation (+16.8) and pronunciation (+8.1). Furthermore, questionnaire data indicated very high motivation (M=4.49/5.00). A significant limitation of this study is its limited sample size, which impacts the generalizability of the results. The primary practical implication is that AI tools like ELSA Speak are highly effective as supplementary resources for building learner fluency and confidence. More extensive studies with broader demographics and longer time frames are required to validate the results.
Co-Authors A. Mappewali Abdah Abdah Dewi Rara Amiati Fikriani A. Omolu Hasriana Manangkari, Ismail Nurul Khasanah Raga Driyan Pratama Rahayu Prasetyaningsih