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All Journal Astroislamica: Journal of Islamic Astronomy Al-fiqh : Journal of Islamic Studies
Jundil Ikrom
Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang
Religion Astronomy

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Comparative Prayer Time Computation: Nailul Watar, Ephemeris, and Istiwa’ Method M. Saifulloh; Ahmadi Syifaul Anam; Jundil Ikrom; Agus Solikin; Ahmad Adib Rofiuddin
Astroislamica: Journal of Islamic Astronomy Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): Astroislamica: Journal of Islamic Astronomy (June)
Publisher : Islamic Astronomy Department, Sharia and Law Faculty

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47766/astroislamica.v5i1.7617

Abstract

Investigates the accuracy and consistency of prayer time calculations from both classical Islamic texts and modern astronomical data. I used a qualitative-comparative field research design, with Nailul Watar by KH. Ahmad Asrori, as the primary classical source, and the 2022–2023 astronomical ephemeris data, calculated using Akh. Mukkaram's Astrology. I also included supporting references on Islamic astronomy and prayer times. To collect data, I documented and analyzed the two methods before empirically validating them. The results show that the Nailul Watar method provides highly accurate calculations of Zuhr and Asr prayer times, with discrepancies from the ephemeris results measured in seconds and never exceeding one minute, without needing additional safety margins. Validation using the Istiwa' stick confirmed that the method meets the fiqh standards commonly used by Indonesian scholars, although observations showed that shadows appeared slightly earlier than the calculated times. The study suggests that further research be conducted by combining computational modeling of both methods and incorporating shadow-length data to improve precision in future prayer time determinations.
Legitimasi Maslahat dalam Ijtihad Kalender: Studi Istiḥsān terhadap Kalender Hijriah Global Tunggal (KHGT) Jundil Ikrom; Amir Tajrid; Mahsun Mahsun
Al-fiqh Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026): Al-fiqh : Journal of Islamic Studies
Publisher : CV Global Research Publication

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59996/al-fiqh.v4i2.1096

Abstract

This article departs from the crucial problem of the absence of a unified Hijri calendar in the Muslim world, which has led to differences in the timing of worship, uncertainty in dating, and weak socio-religious integration among Muslims. This study aims to analyze Muhammadiyah’s Global Unified Hijri Calendar (Kalender Hijriah Global Tunggal/KHGT) from the perspective of al-maṣlaḥah and istiḥsān in usul al-fiqh, and to assess the extent to which KHGT can be justified as a valid form of ijtihad. This research employs a qualitative method with a library research approach. Data were obtained from classical usul al-fiqh works, academic books, scholarly journal articles, and official Muhammadiyah documents on KHGT. The data were processed using descriptive-analytical techniques and examined normatively by positioning al-maṣlaḥah and istiḥsān as evaluative instruments. The findings show that KHGT is not merely an astronomical formulation, but also a development of Muhammadiyah’s calendar ijtihad methodology from a local orientation toward a more planned, unified, and collectively beneficial global system. From the perspective of usul al-fiqh, KHGT may be understood as a valid form of istiḥsān, particularly through the approaches of istiḥsān bi al-al-maṣlaḥah and istiḥsān bi al-qiyās al-khafī, as long as it remains within the framework of naṣṣ, maqasid al-shari‘ah, and the discipline of usul al-fiqh. This article suggests that the development of a global Islamic calendar should continue to be accompanied by stronger usul al-fiqh argumentation and dialogue among religious authorities.
Co-Authors Agus Solikin Ahmad Adib Rofiuddin Ahmadi Syifaul Anam Amir Tajrid M. Saifulloh Mahsun