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All Journal Scientific Journal of Reflection : Economic, Accounting, Management and Business
Cindy B. Sitanggang
Universitas Negeri Medan
Economics, Econometrics & Finance

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Kesenjangan Pendapatan sebagai Determinan Kemiskinan di Indonesia: Studi Literatur dalam Perspektif Pembangunan Ekonomi Inklusif Riza Indriani; Agil Badawi; Agung Kurniawan B. Marpaung; Bonansa Situmorang; Cindy B. Sitanggang; Cristine Natasia Sihaloho; Dhea Ananda Pinem
SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF REFLECTION : Economic, Accounting, Management and Business Vol. 9 No. 3 (2026): SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF REFLECTION: Economic, Accounting, Management, & Business
Publisher : Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK) Pustek

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37481/sjr.v9i3.1502

Abstract

Income inequality remains a persistent structural issue that weakens the effectiveness of poverty reduction in Indonesia, despite sustained economic growth. This study aims to examine the relationship between income inequality and poverty, identify key mediating factors, and analyze them within the framework of inclusive economic development. A qualitative literature review approach was applied using systematically selected secondary data from academic journals, books, and official reports published between 2010 and 2025. The selection of literature was based on relevance, credibility, and recency. The analysis employed content analysis to synthesize findings and identify consistent patterns across studies. The results show that income inequality significantly contributes to poverty persistence by limiting access to education, formal employment, productive assets, and basic services. Structural factors such as regional disparities, labor market dualism, and unequal resource distribution further reinforce this relationship. In addition, inequality reduces the effectiveness of economic growth in lowering poverty and increases the risk of intergenerational poverty. The study emphasizes that inclusive economic development through equitable access, improved human capital, and targeted social policies is essential to reduce inequality and poverty in a sustainable.
Analisis Tanggung Jawab Etis dan Hukum Perusahaan E-Commerce terhadap Perlindungan Data Pribadi Konsumen: Studi Kasus Kebocoran Data Tokopedia 2020 Hendra Saputra; Gevy Ketia G; Bonansa Situmorang; Dhaet Fretty Napitupulu; Yeny Elfina Siagian; Cristine Natasia Sihaloho; Cindy B. Sitanggang; Dhea Anandha Pinem
SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF REFLECTION : Economic, Accounting, Management and Business Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF REFLECTION: Economic, Accounting, Management, & Business
Publisher : Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK) Pustek

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37481/sjr.v9i1.1358

Abstract

The rapid expansion of Indonesia’s e-commerce sector has increased the exposure of consumer data to security risks, as shown in the 2020 Tokopedia breach. This study examines the ethical and legal responsibilities of e-commerce companies in protecting personal data by assessing Tokopedia’s compliance with digital business ethics principles and national regulations. Using a qualitative case study approach, the analysis draws on secondary sources such as legal documents, incident reports, and scientific publications. The findings show that Tokopedia did not fully meet the standards of transparency, honesty, and privacy, and that its preventive and responsive measures were insufficient to safeguard user data. The company also failed to satisfy key obligations outlined in consumer protection rules and the Personal Data Protection Law, which serve as the benchmark for evaluating accountability. These shortcomings contributed to declining public trust and reputational harm. This study highlights the need for stronger ethical governance and more consistent legal compliance in digital platforms and recommends the integration of privacy-by-design principles, regular security audits, and a dedicated data ethics function to strengthen consumer data protection in Indonesia.
Co-Authors Agil Badawi Agung Kurniawan B. Marpaung Bonansa Situmorang Cristine Natasia Sihaloho Dhaet Fretty Napitupulu Dhea Ananda Pinem Dhea Anandha Pinem Gevy Ketia G Hendra Saputra Riza Indriani Yeny Elfina Siagian