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All Journal Hasanuddin Economics and Business Review Jurnal Inovasi Hasil Pengabdian Masyarakat (JIPEMAS) Ekuilibrium : Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Ilmu Ekonomi JES (Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Journal of Community Development Journal of Business and Political Economy: Biannual Review of The Indonesian Economy Review Journal of Advances in Accounting, Economics, and Management Jurnal Akuntansi, Manajemen, dan Perencanaan Kebijakan
Ibnu Hajar
Department of Economics, Faculty of Islamic Economics and Business, Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-raniry, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
Computer Science & IT Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Economics, Econometrics & Finance Nursing Public Health Social Sciences Other

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The Impact of CO₂ Emissions on International Tourism Performance: An Empirical Study on G20 Member Countries Ibnu Hajar; Maimun Maimun; Zhafirah Rizqa Farhan
Hasanuddin Economics and Business Review VOLUME 10 NUMBER 1, 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Economics and Business, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26487/hebr.v10i1.6994

Abstract

This study examines the effect of CO₂ emissions on international tourist arrivals in G20 member countries, with particular attention to the underexplored reverse channel through which environmental degradation may weaken tourism performance. The study positions the CO₂–tourism relationship within the broader agenda of low-carbon development and sustainable tourism competitiveness. This study employs balanced panel data covering 19 G20 member countries from 2014 to 2019. Pooled OLS, Fixed Effect, and Random Effect models are estimated, while the Chow Test, Hausman Test, and Breusch–Pagan Lagrange Multiplier Test are used to determine the most appropriate model. The Fixed Effect Model is selected as the preferred specification to control for unobserved time-invariant country characteristics. The results show that CO₂ emissions are negatively and significantly associated with international tourist arrivals. A one percent increase in CO₂ emissions is linked to a 0.625 percent decline in inbound tourism, suggesting that environmental degradation may reduce destination attractiveness. GDP per capita is the strongest positive correlate of tourism performance, while trade openness and real effective exchange rate appreciation are negatively associated with tourist arrivals. Population size is not statistically significant in the fixed effect specification. This study contributes to the tourism-environment literature by examining the reverse effect of CO₂ emissions on tourism performance using G20 countries as a unified analytical context. The findings offer policy-relevant insights for low-carbon tourism governance, sustainable destination competitiveness, and green development strategies in advanced and emerging economies.
Co-Authors Annafiu, Luqman Shiddiq Ayief Fathurrahman Danes Quirira Octavio Darsono, Susilo Nur Aji Cokro Dinata, Arya Sentana Evianto, Jimmy Frans Faizmal Sugiarto Hayati, Kusnul Juniati, Tiara Kusuma, Ichwan Aji Latifah Dian Iriani, Latifah Dian Maimun Maimun Misena, Okta Maula Muhammad Naurul Muna Pitaloka, Sari Purnomo, Rochmat Aldy Puspitasari, Rosana Putra, Dedek R. Fadhil Muhammad Ginanjar Rizqi, Naufal Romi Bhakti Hartarto Sintia Handayani Siswata, Fajar Shadiq Siti Aisyah Tri Rahayu, Siti Aisyah Tri Sri Hartono, Sri Sri Saputri, Sri Yunanda, Tila Zhafirah Rizqa Farhan