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All Journal Fundamental and Applied Research in Medicine and Allied Sciences Indonesia
Diki Aprianto A
Universitas Alma Ata Yogyakarta

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Development and Validation of an Instrument to Measure Competency Gaps of Hospital Pharmacists in Facing Telemedicine Integration in Urban Areas of Indonesia Diki Aprianto A; Ratna Mildawati; Lilik Septiana; Rialita Lifiani; Indri Dwi Rahasasti
Fundamental and Applied Research in Medicine and Allied Sciences Indonesia Vol. 1 No. 2 (2025): November, 2025
Publisher : CV. Get Press Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69855/farmasi.v1i2.435

Abstract

The rapid adoption of telemedicine has expanded hospital pharmacists’ roles, particularly in urban areas of developing countries such as Indonesia. However, evidence on pharmacists’ telemedicine-related competency gaps remains limited. This study aimed to develop and validate a hospital-specific instrument to assess such gaps. A methodological design was employed, including instrument development, expert content validation, pilot testing, and psychometric evaluation. The instrument covers six domains: digital health literacy, clinical pharmacy competence in telemedicine, communication skills, legal and ethical awareness, interprofessional collaboration, and telepharmacy service management. Validation involved 210 hospital pharmacists from urban Indonesian hospitals. Exploratory factor analysis confirmed a six-factor structure explaining 72.4% of the variance, with strong internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.89). Unlike existing telepharmacy readiness tools, this instrument specifically captures multidimensional competency gaps relevant to hospital-based telemedicine practice. The largest gaps were observed in legal–ethical competencies and digital health literacy. This instrument can support workforce assessment and targeted competency-based training for hospital pharmacists in Indonesia.
Co-Authors Indri Dwi Rahasasti Lilik Septiana Ratna Mildawati Wati Rialita Lifiani