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Regional Head Elections by the People's Representative Council: A Critical Analysis of Constitutionality and Democratic Backsliding Mawardi Mawardi; Yudhi Hertanto; Patawari Patawari; Jusuf Luturmas; Karman Jaya
International Journal Of Humanities Education and Social Sciences (IJHESS) Vol 5 No 5 (2026): IJHESS APRIL 2026
Publisher : CV. AFDIFAL MAJU BERKAH

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55227/ijhess.v5i5.2149

Abstract

The election of regional heads constitutes a fundamental mechanism for the realization of popular sovereignty and the implementation of decentralization at the local level. Since the post-reform era, the direct election of regional leaders by citizens has been widely regarded as a significant achievement in strengthening local democracy in Indonesia. Nevertheless, the re-emergence of discourse advocating the election of regional heads by Regional People’s Representative Councils (DPRD) has sparked intense debate, particularly from constitutional law and contemporary democratic theory perspectives. This article aims to critically examine the election of regional heads by DPRD by assessing its compatibility with constitutional principles and analyzing its implications within the framework of democratic backsliding. The research employs normative legal methods, utilizing statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The findings indicate that although the election of regional heads by DPRD may formally satisfy procedural democratic requirements, such a mechanism carries a substantial risk of weakening substantive democracy. This is evidenced by the reduction of direct public participation, the increasing influence of political elites and oligarchic structures, and the shift of accountability from the electorate to local legislative bodies. Furthermore, this mechanism is considered inconsistent with the spirit of Article 18 paragraph (4) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, which emphasizes the democratic election of regional leaders. Therefore, any alteration to the regional head election system must be approached with caution to ensure that it does not become a vehicle for democratic regression, but rather contributes to the enhancement of legitimacy, public participation, and the overall quality of local democracy.
A Reconstruction of the Business Judgment Rule Doctrine from the Perspective of Modern Civil Law: Between Director Protection and Corporate Accountability Selamat Lumban Gaol; Mawardi Mawardi; Abdulwahab Abdullah Al-Maamari
Syura: Journal of Law Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam (STAI) Darul Ulum Banyuanyar Pamekasan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58223/syura.v4i2.815

Abstract

The business judgment rule (BJR) is a fundamental doctrine in corporate law that provides legal protection to directors for business decisions made in the course of managing a company. Such protection applies as long as the decisions are taken in good faith, with due care, and within the scope of their lawful authority. In practice, this doctrine functions to prevent excessive interference in business policies, which inherently involve risk and uncertainty. However, along with the development of modern civil law, which increasingly emphasizes the principles of justice, transparency, and accountability, the BJR doctrine requires conceptual reconstruction to prevent its misuse as a shield against legal responsibility. This study aims to examine the concept of the BJR within the framework of Indonesian positive law and to formulate a reconstruction model that is more responsive to the dynamics of modern civil law. The research employs a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches. The analysis is conducted through a review of primary and secondary legal sources related to directors’ liability and the duty of care in corporate governance. The findings indicate that the regulation of the BJR in Indonesia still contains normative ambiguities, particularly concerning the parameters of good faith and the standards of due care, which have not been clearly and objectively defined. The novelty of this study lies in proposing a reconstruction model of the business judgment rule based on objective parameters for assessing good faith and due care. This study contributes a normative framework to strengthen legal protection for directors while reinforcing the principle of corporate accountability. Therefore, a reconstruction of the BJR doctrine is necessary through the strengthening of objective parameters, enhancement of transparency in decision-making processes, and reinforcement of corporate accountability principles in order to achieve a balance between the protection of directors and legal responsibility.
Penguatan Peran Pemerintah Desa dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Nonlitigasi: Studi di Desa Banra’as, Sumenep: Strengthening the Role of Village Government in Non-Litigation Dispute Resolution: A Study of Banra’as Village, Sumenep Mawardi Mawardi
Semarang Law Review (SLR) Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): October (Article in Press)
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/slr.v7i2.13703

Abstract

Law Number 6 of 2014 on Villages provides a legal basis for villages to regulate and administer community affairs based on authority derived from rights of origin and village-scale local authority. In practice, such authority extends beyond administrative governance and may be exercised through non-litigation dispute resolution mechanisms that have developed as part of the community’s living legal order. This study examines the legal position and role of the Banra’as Village Government in Sumenep Regency in resolving disputes through non-litigation mediation under the Village Law, while also examining mediation practices that have developed as living law within the local community. This study employs an empirical juridical method using statutory and sociological approaches to examine the relationship between the formal legal framework and dispute resolution practices at the village level. The findings demonstrate that mediation by the Banra’as Village Government has been practiced for more than two decades, despite the absence of formal codification in village regulations. The continuity of this practice is supported by community acceptance and compliance, as the mediation mechanism is perceived as effective, non-coercive, and capable of producing outcomes acceptable to the disputing parties. In the mediation process, the village government does not act as an authority imposing a unilateral decision, but rather as a mediator who facilitates the parties’ understanding of the dispute, reconciles their interests, and assists them in reaching a mutually acceptable resolution. These findings demonstrate that village mediation constitutes a concrete manifestation of local authority rooted in the needs and customary wisdom of the community. This study argues that recognizing community-based dispute resolution practices as living law can strengthen the legitimacy of village governments in non-litigation dispute resolution while highlighting the need to harmonize formal legal frameworks with dispute resolution mechanisms that organically develop within local communities.   Abstrak Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Desa memberikan dasar hukum bagi desa untuk mengatur dan mengurus kepentingan masyarakat berdasarkan kewenangan yang bersumber dari hak asal-usul dan kewenangan lokal berskala desa. Dalam praktiknya, kewenangan tersebut tidak hanya berkaitan dengan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan, tetapi juga dapat diwujudkan melalui mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa di luar pengadilan yang berkembang sebagai bagian dari kehidupan hukum masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kedudukan dan peran Pemerintah Desa Banra’as, Kabupaten Sumenep, dalam penyelesaian sengketa melalui mediasi nonlitigasi berdasarkan Undang-Undang Desa serta mengkaji praktik mediasi yang berkembang sebagai living law dalam masyarakat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis empiris dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan sosiologis untuk mengkaji hubungan antara kerangka hukum formal dan praktik penyelesaian sengketa yang berlangsung di tingkat desa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa praktik mediasi oleh Pemerintah Desa Banra’as telah berlangsung selama lebih dari dua dekade meskipun belum dituangkan secara formal dalam peraturan desa. Keberlanjutan praktik tersebut didukung oleh penerimaan dan kepatuhan masyarakat karena mekanisme mediasi dinilai efektif, tidak bersifat memaksa, serta mampu menghasilkan penyelesaian yang dapat diterima oleh para pihak. Dalam prosesnya, pemerintah desa tidak bertindak sebagai pihak yang menentukan atau memaksakan keputusan, melainkan sebagai mediator yang membantu para pihak memahami persoalan, mempertemukan kepentingan, dan menemukan solusi yang disepakati bersama. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa mediasi desa merupakan bentuk konkret dari pelaksanaan kewenangan lokal yang berakar pada kebutuhan dan kearifan masyarakat setempat. Penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa pengakuan terhadap praktik penyelesaian sengketa sebagai living law dapat memperkuat legitimasi peran pemerintah desa dalam penyelesaian sengketa nonlitigasi, sekaligus menunjukkan pentingnya harmonisasi antara hukum formal dan mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa yang berkembang dalam masyarakat.