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All Journal Pappaseng: International Journal of Islamic Literacy and Society Referensi Islamika: Jurnal Studi Islam
Lydia Megawati
Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar
Religion Humanities Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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Political and Diplomatic Networks of Nuruddin Zanki in The Middle East: A Historical Review/ Historiography Lydia Megawati; Nuraeni; Jusmiati
Pappaseng: International Journal of Islamic Literacy and Society Vol. 4 No. 3 (2025): Pappaseng: International Journal of Islamic Literacy and Society
Publisher : Sao Literasi Publisher, Yayasan Pendidikan Khaerul Munif

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56440/pijilis.v4i3.98

Abstract

The study seeks to determine the political and diplomatic network of Nuruddin Zanki in the Middle East through a historical/historiographic review. Adopting a historical approach, the study was divided into several methods, including heuristic, critical, and historiography. The findings of this study conclude that Nuruddin Zanki was a prominent Islamic figure who consistently fought in the Second Crusade, as indicated by his success in reclaiming Islamic territory from the hands of the Christians, including the cities of Artah and Harene and other regions. He was also a leader who succeeded in unifying and strengthening Islamic power in the Middle East, particularly in facing the Second Crusade. He strategically administered political and military networks, including unifying Muslim territory, securing borders, and forging alliances with other Islamic forces. Furthermore, he was renowned for his just, firm, and wise characters which were able to inspire his people to fight as one. His Islamic diplomatic initiatives were successful in uniting Muslims and strengthening their resilience, allowing them to withstand the invasion of the crusaders and pave the way for Salahuddin Ayyubi in supporting Jerusalem. Nuruddin Zanki’s Islamic diplomacy was successful in uniting Muslims and strengthening them so that they were able to battle the attacks of the crusaders and paved the way for Salahudin Ayyubi to assist Jerusalem. His focus was not only on battle but also on investing in infrastructure as well as the economic and military development of his region.
China-Iran relations and China's stance on the Palestinian issue in the geopolitics of the Middle East Lydia Megawati; Sohra Sohra; Syahidah Rahmah; Emi Sri Rahayu Fatimah
Referensi Islamika: Jurnal Studi Islam Vol. 4 No. 4 (2026): AUGUST
Publisher : Academic Bright Collaboration

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.66053/ri.v4i4.454

Abstract

This study examines how the historical continuity of China-Iran relations since the Silk Road era is mobilized in China's contemporary Middle East policy, and how it relates to China's stance on Palestine, using realism, energy geopolitics, and hedging theory as an integrated framework. Using Qualitative historical research based on a corpus of 34 primary and secondary sources (2015-2026, with classical Silk Road sources as an exception), analyzed through heuristic, source-criticism, interpretive, and historiographic stages. China-Iran relations, rooted in Silk Road era exchange, evolved into a partnership anchored in energy interdependence: China absorbs an estimated 80-90% of Iran's oil exports and anchors the 2021 25-year cooperation agreement, while withholding explicit political and security commitments an asymmetric hedging pattern that grows structurally harder to sustain as dependence deepens. China's Palestine stance follows a parallel logic: consistent normative rhetoric and repeated UN votes favoring an immediate Gaza ceasefire are unmatched by material intervention, indicating calculative diplomacy and selective geopolitical posture rather than ideological solidarity. The study connects Islamic civilizational history with geopolitical analysis. It relies on documentary and secondary sources rather than diplomatic interviews or systematic trade/voting datasets, which future research should incorporate. This is the first study to place China-Iran relations and China's Palestine policy within a single hedging framework, showing both are expressions of the same selective legitimacy logic.
Co-Authors Emi Sri Rahayu Fatimah Jusmiati Nuraeni Sohra Sohra Syahidah Rahmah